{"id":{"repo_id":"freiburg-diss","oai_identifier":"oai:freidok.uni-freiburg.de:1912"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/freiburg-diss/oai:freidok.uni-freiburg.de:1912","repository":{"repo_id":"freiburg-diss","name":"University of Freiburg","base_url":"https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/oai/oai2.php"},"display":{"title":"Histologic evaluation of calcium phosphate coated endosseous implants prepared by spark discharge oxidation : a long-term study in the sheep","abstract":"The present study was designed to evaluate the in vivo degree of bone apposition of experimentally coated endosseous implants. Cylindrical rods of commercially pure titanium were prepared by means of electrochemical spark discharge oxidation. The created highly textured titanium oxide layers of two implant types were coated with bioceramics during the oxidation process (type 1 and type 2), whereas a third implant was successively coated by hydroxyapatite-(HA-)gel immersion successive to the oxidation process (type 3). Experimental bioceramic coatings consisted of pure hydroxyapatite in type-1-implants, biphasic calcium phosphate (B-CaP, i.e. 70% tricalcium phosphate to 30% HA) in type-2-implants, and the post oxidation applied pure HA in type-3-implants. Two conventional surface designs produced by titanium- (type 4) and HA-plasma-spraying (type 5) served as control. <br>The study utilized a unilateral transcortical costal model in 6 house sheep. Histomorphologic and histomorphometric comparisons were made after healing times of 6 and 12 months. Evaluation demonstrated a largely completed osseointegration already after 6 months. No inflammatory cell infiltrate or adverse tissue reaction was present. All coatings served as favourable scaffolds for osseoconduction. Delamination of the coating layers was a frequent finding in the experimental specimens, mostly seen in type-3-implants (HA-gel-coated post oxidation). <br>Histomorphometric data was obtained from the cortical and cancellous portions of the implants, separately. A bone apposition index (AI), defined as the percentage of the total implant surface covered with bone, was calculated additionally. The bone appositional index after 6 months healing time ranged from 78.9% to 86.1% in cortical bone and from 69.7% to 81.4% in cancellous sites. AI at implantation time of 12 months was 84.0%–88.5% for cortical and 58.5%–77.6% for cancellous bone, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed no differences between 6 and 12 months AI-values. For both observation periods, no significant superiority of any coating type was traced. However, after pairwise comparison, the cancellous portions of the type-3-implants (HA-gel-coated post oxidation) and the conventional type-5-implant coatings (HA-plasma-sprayed) revealed significantly higher values than type-1-implants coated during oxidation (p < 0.05). This tendency was also observed in the values for the total AI. AI-values for cancellous portions and the total appositional index were highly correlated (r = 0.95).","abstract_html":"The present study was designed to evaluate the in vivo degree of bone apposition of experimentally coated endosseous implants. Cylindrical rods of commercially pure titanium were prepared by means of electrochemical spark discharge oxidation. The created highly textured titanium oxide layers of two implant types were coated with bioceramics during the oxidation process (type 1 and type 2), whereas a third implant was successively coated by hydroxyapatite-(HA-)gel immersion successive to the oxidation process (type 3). Experimental bioceramic coatings consisted of pure hydroxyapatite in type-1-implants, biphasic calcium phosphate (B-CaP, i.e. 70% tricalcium phosphate to 30% HA) in type-2-implants, and the post oxidation applied pure HA in type-3-implants. Two conventional surface designs produced by titanium- (type 4) and HA-plasma-spraying (type 5) served as control. &lt;br&gt;The study utilized a unilateral transcortical costal model in 6 house sheep. Histomorphologic and histomorphometric comparisons were made after healing times of 6 and 12 months. Evaluation demonstrated a largely completed osseointegration already after 6 months. No inflammatory cell infiltrate or adverse tissue reaction was present. All coatings served as favourable scaffolds for osseoconduction. Delamination of the coating layers was a frequent finding in the experimental specimens, mostly seen in type-3-implants (HA-gel-coated post oxidation). &lt;br&gt;Histomorphometric data was obtained from the cortical and cancellous portions of the implants, separately. A bone apposition index (AI), defined as the percentage of the total implant surface covered with bone, was calculated additionally. The bone appositional index after 6 months healing time ranged from 78.9% to 86.1% in cortical bone and from 69.7% to 81.4% in cancellous sites. AI at implantation time of 12 months was 84.0%–88.5% for cortical and 58.5%–77.6% for cancellous bone, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed no differences between 6 and 12 months AI-values. For both observation periods, no significant superiority of any coating type was traced. However, after pairwise comparison, the cancellous portions of the type-3-implants (HA-gel-coated post oxidation) and the conventional type-5-implant coatings (HA-plasma-sprayed) revealed significantly higher values than type-1-implants coated during oxidation (p &lt; 0.05). This tendency was also observed in the values for the total AI. AI-values for cancellous portions and the total appositional index were highly correlated (r = 0.95).","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Goriwoda, Walter"],"institution":null,"degree_name":null,"degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Schmelzeisen, Rainer"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":null,"date_issued":"","date_published":null,"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:22:33Z","subjects":["Osseointegration","Osteokonduktion","TCP","Trikalziumphosphat","Implant","coating","calcium phosphate","in vivo"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/data/1912","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"source_url"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Schmelzeisen, Rainer"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Goriwoda, Walter"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["DoctoralThesis"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Osseointegration","Osteokonduktion","TCP","Trikalziumphosphat","Implant","coating","calcium phosphate","in vivo"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The present study was designed to evaluate the in vivo degree of bone apposition of experimentally coated endosseous implants. Cylindrical rods of commercially pure titanium were prepared by means of electrochemical spark discharge oxidation. The created highly textured titanium oxide layers of two implant types were coated with bioceramics during the oxidation process (type 1 and type 2), whereas a third implant was successively coated by hydroxyapatite-(HA-)gel immersion successive to the oxidation process (type 3). Experimental bioceramic coatings consisted of pure hydroxyapatite in type-1-implants, biphasic calcium phosphate (B-CaP, i.e. 70% tricalcium phosphate to 30% HA) in type-2-implants, and the post oxidation applied pure HA in type-3-implants. Two conventional surface designs produced by titanium- (type 4) and HA-plasma-spraying (type 5) served as control. <br>The study utilized a unilateral transcortical costal model in 6 house sheep. Histomorphologic and histomorphometric comparisons were made after healing times of 6 and 12 months. Evaluation demonstrated a largely completed osseointegration already after 6 months. No inflammatory cell infiltrate or adverse tissue reaction was present. All coatings served as favourable scaffolds for osseoconduction. Delamination of the coating layers was a frequent finding in the experimental specimens, mostly seen in type-3-implants (HA-gel-coated post oxidation). <br>Histomorphometric data was obtained from the cortical and cancellous portions of the implants, separately. A bone apposition index (AI), defined as the percentage of the total implant surface covered with bone, was calculated additionally. The bone appositional index after 6 months healing time ranged from 78.9% to 86.1% in cortical bone and from 69.7% to 81.4% in cancellous sites. AI at implantation time of 12 months was 84.0%–88.5% for cortical and 58.5%–77.6% for cancellous bone, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed no differences between 6 and 12 months AI-values. For both observation periods, no significant superiority of any coating type was traced. However, after pairwise comparison, the cancellous portions of the type-3-implants (HA-gel-coated post oxidation) and the conventional type-5-implant coatings (HA-plasma-sprayed) revealed significantly higher values than type-1-implants coated during oxidation (p < 0.05). This tendency was also observed in the values for the total AI. AI-values for cancellous portions and the total appositional index were highly correlated (r = 0.95).","Die vorliegende in vivo Studie untersuchte die Knochenapposition dreier experimenteller Beschichtungen enossärer Implantate. Zylindrische Prüfkörper aus kommerziellem reinem Titan wurden unter Funkenentladung elektrochemisch oxidiert. Die so geschaffene hochstrukturelle Titanoxidschicht wurde bei zwei Implantattypen innerhalb des Oxidationsprozesses mit Kalziumphosphat beschichtet (Typ 1 und Typ 2). Auf den dritten Implantattyp wurde, nach beendetem Oxidationsprozess, eine Schicht Hydroxylapatit (HA) durch Eintauchen in ein HA-Gel aufgebracht (Typ 3). Die experimentellen Beschichtungen der Typ-1-Implantate bestanden aus reinem HA, die der Typ-2-Implantate aus biphasischem Kalziumphosphat (B-CaP; zusammengesetzt aus 70% Trikalziumphosphat und 30% HA) und im Falle der Typ-3-Implantate aus reinem postoxidativ aufgebrachtem HA. Der Kontrolle dienten zwei im konven-tionellen plasma-spray-Verfahren erzeugte Oberflächen aus Titan (Typ 4) und HA (Typ 5). <br>Die Studie bediente sich eines transkortikalen Rippenmodells an 6 Hausschafen. Histomorphologische und histomorphometrische Auswertungen erfolgten nach 6 und 12 Monaten. Schon nach 6 Monaten zeigte sich eine großteils abgeschlossene Osseointegration. Weder entzündliches Zellinfiltrat noch gegensätzliche Gewebsreaktionen waren erkennbar. Alle Beschichtungen zeigten günstige osseokonduktive Eigenschaften. In der Gruppe der experimentellen Implantattypen, insbesondere den Typ-3-Implantaten, wurde ein Ablösen der Beschichtung häufig beobachtet. Histomorphometrische Daten wurden getrennt für kortikale und spongiöse Anteile der Implantate erhoben. Zusätzlich wurde ein totaler Knochenappositionsindex (AI) errechnet, definiert als der Anteil des gesamten Implantates in Prozent, welcher von Knochen bedeckt war. Der AI schwankte nach einer Einheilungszeit von 6 Monaten zwischen 78,9% und 86,1% in der Kortikalis und zwischen 69,7% und 81,4% in der Spongiosa. 12 Monate nach der Implantation erreichten AI-Werte 84,0%-88,5% in der Kortikalis, bzw. 58,5%-77,6% in der Spongiosa. Die statistische Auswertung ergab keinen Unterschied zwischen AI-Werten nach 6 und 12 Monaten. Für beide Beobachtungszeiträume konnte kein signifikanter Beschichtungstyp errechnet werden. Nach Paarvergleich jedoch, lagen die Werte für den spongiösen Anteil sowohl der Typ-3-Implantate als auch der konventionellen Typ-5-Implantate signifikant höher als die der Typ-1-Implantate (p < 0,05) Diese Tendenz wurde auch für die Werte des gesamten AI beobachtet. Der totale AI-Wert zeigte eine starke Korrelation mit den spongiösen Anteilen der Implantate (r = 0,95)."]},{"key":"dc:format.medium","label":"Dc Format Medium","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Histologic evaluation of calcium phosphate coated endosseous implants prepared by spark discharge oxidation : a long-term study in the sheep","Histologische Evaluation von Kalziumphosphatbeschichteten enossären Implantaten hergestellt durch Oxidation unter Funkenentladung : eine Langzeitstudie am Schaf"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Schmelzeisen, Rainer"],"dc:creator":["Goriwoda, Walter"],"dc:description.abstract":["The present study was designed to evaluate the in vivo degree of bone apposition of experimentally coated endosseous implants. Cylindrical rods of commercially pure titanium were prepared by means of electrochemical spark discharge oxidation. The created highly textured titanium oxide layers of two implant types were coated with bioceramics during the oxidation process (type 1 and type 2), whereas a third implant was successively coated by hydroxyapatite-(HA-)gel immersion successive to the oxidation process (type 3). Experimental bioceramic coatings consisted of pure hydroxyapatite in type-1-implants, biphasic calcium phosphate (B-CaP, i.e. 70% tricalcium phosphate to 30% HA) in type-2-implants, and the post oxidation applied pure HA in type-3-implants. Two conventional surface designs produced by titanium- (type 4) and HA-plasma-spraying (type 5) served as control. <br>The study utilized a unilateral transcortical costal model in 6 house sheep. Histomorphologic and histomorphometric comparisons were made after healing times of 6 and 12 months. Evaluation demonstrated a largely completed osseointegration already after 6 months. No inflammatory cell infiltrate or adverse tissue reaction was present. All coatings served as favourable scaffolds for osseoconduction. Delamination of the coating layers was a frequent finding in the experimental specimens, mostly seen in type-3-implants (HA-gel-coated post oxidation). <br>Histomorphometric data was obtained from the cortical and cancellous portions of the implants, separately. A bone apposition index (AI), defined as the percentage of the total implant surface covered with bone, was calculated additionally. The bone appositional index after 6 months healing time ranged from 78.9% to 86.1% in cortical bone and from 69.7% to 81.4% in cancellous sites. AI at implantation time of 12 months was 84.0%–88.5% for cortical and 58.5%–77.6% for cancellous bone, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed no differences between 6 and 12 months AI-values. For both observation periods, no significant superiority of any coating type was traced. However, after pairwise comparison, the cancellous portions of the type-3-implants (HA-gel-coated post oxidation) and the conventional type-5-implant coatings (HA-plasma-sprayed) revealed significantly higher values than type-1-implants coated during oxidation (p < 0.05). This tendency was also observed in the values for the total AI. AI-values for cancellous portions and the total appositional index were highly correlated (r = 0.95).","Die vorliegende in vivo Studie untersuchte die Knochenapposition dreier experimenteller Beschichtungen enossärer Implantate. Zylindrische Prüfkörper aus kommerziellem reinem Titan wurden unter Funkenentladung elektrochemisch oxidiert. Die so geschaffene hochstrukturelle Titanoxidschicht wurde bei zwei Implantattypen innerhalb des Oxidationsprozesses mit Kalziumphosphat beschichtet (Typ 1 und Typ 2). Auf den dritten Implantattyp wurde, nach beendetem Oxidationsprozess, eine Schicht Hydroxylapatit (HA) durch Eintauchen in ein HA-Gel aufgebracht (Typ 3). Die experimentellen Beschichtungen der Typ-1-Implantate bestanden aus reinem HA, die der Typ-2-Implantate aus biphasischem Kalziumphosphat (B-CaP; zusammengesetzt aus 70% Trikalziumphosphat und 30% HA) und im Falle der Typ-3-Implantate aus reinem postoxidativ aufgebrachtem HA. Der Kontrolle dienten zwei im konven-tionellen plasma-spray-Verfahren erzeugte Oberflächen aus Titan (Typ 4) und HA (Typ 5). <br>Die Studie bediente sich eines transkortikalen Rippenmodells an 6 Hausschafen. Histomorphologische und histomorphometrische Auswertungen erfolgten nach 6 und 12 Monaten. Schon nach 6 Monaten zeigte sich eine großteils abgeschlossene Osseointegration. Weder entzündliches Zellinfiltrat noch gegensätzliche Gewebsreaktionen waren erkennbar. Alle Beschichtungen zeigten günstige osseokonduktive Eigenschaften. In der Gruppe der experimentellen Implantattypen, insbesondere den Typ-3-Implantaten, wurde ein Ablösen der Beschichtung häufig beobachtet. Histomorphometrische Daten wurden getrennt für kortikale und spongiöse Anteile der Implantate erhoben. Zusätzlich wurde ein totaler Knochenappositionsindex (AI) errechnet, definiert als der Anteil des gesamten Implantates in Prozent, welcher von Knochen bedeckt war. Der AI schwankte nach einer Einheilungszeit von 6 Monaten zwischen 78,9% und 86,1% in der Kortikalis und zwischen 69,7% und 81,4% in der Spongiosa. 12 Monate nach der Implantation erreichten AI-Werte 84,0%-88,5% in der Kortikalis, bzw. 58,5%-77,6% in der Spongiosa. Die statistische Auswertung ergab keinen Unterschied zwischen AI-Werten nach 6 und 12 Monaten. Für beide Beobachtungszeiträume konnte kein signifikanter Beschichtungstyp errechnet werden. Nach Paarvergleich jedoch, lagen die Werte für den spongiösen Anteil sowohl der Typ-3-Implantate als auch der konventionellen Typ-5-Implantate signifikant höher als die der Typ-1-Implantate (p < 0,05) Diese Tendenz wurde auch für die Werte des gesamten AI beobachtet. Der totale AI-Wert zeigte eine starke Korrelation mit den spongiösen Anteilen der Implantate (r = 0,95)."],"dc:format.medium":["application/pdf"],"dc:subject":["Osseointegration","Osteokonduktion","TCP","Trikalziumphosphat","Implant","coating","calcium phosphate","in vivo"],"dc:title":["Histologic evaluation of calcium phosphate coated endosseous implants prepared by spark discharge oxidation : a long-term study in the sheep","Histologische Evaluation von Kalziumphosphatbeschichteten enossären Implantaten hergestellt durch Oxidation unter Funkenentladung : eine Langzeitstudie am Schaf"],"dc:type":["DoctoralThesis"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:22:33Z"}