{"id":{"repo_id":"exeter","oai_identifier":"oai:figshare.com:article/31474939"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/exeter/oai:figshare.com:article/31474939","repository":{"repo_id":"exeter","name":"University of Exeter","base_url":"https://api.figshare.com/v2/oai"},"display":{"title":"Mechanical Properties and Environmental Performance of Calcium Carbide Residue-Based Materials in Soil Stabilisation","abstract":"This study systematically investigated three types of calcium carbide residue (CCR)-based materials for sustainable soil stabilisation, including CCR alone, CCR combined with fly ash (CCR-FA), and CCR-FA activated by a waste glass-derived alkaline activator. A series of microstructural analyses, isotropic consolidation, consolidated undrained, tank leaching, and wetting-drying cycle tests were conducted, and life cycle assessment was applied to evaluate their feasibility and sustainability. An established constitutive model was adopted to reproduce the stress-strain behaviour of stabilised soils. The results showed that all CCR-based materials significantly improved soil strength compared to untreated soil, with alkali-activated CCR-FA developing the highest strength and lowest compressibility in early curing stages due to the formation of both C-A-S-H and N-A-S-H gels. When the consolidation pressure was between the gross yield stress and final yield stress, strength of stabilised soils significantly reduced, while consolidation pressures higher than final yield stress improved shear strength. The 28-day cured CCR-FA and alkali-activated CCR-FA stabilised soils retained high strengths following seven wetting-drying cycles, while CCR stabilised soils collapsed after only two cycles. The low concentrations of heavy metals leached from CCR-based materials demonstrated their low environmental risk. The CCR-FA stabilised soil could effectively immobilise Cu, Cr, and As, while CCR alone was more effective for Pb. The LCA results confirmed environmental advantages of CCR-based materials, particularly CCR-FA, though these benefits were influenced by waste availability and the energy source during material processing. The adopted constitutive model reasonably captured the stress-strain behaviour of 60-day cured CCR stabilised soil. Overall, these findings demonstrate the feasibility and sustainability of CCR-based materials for soil stabilisation and offer practical recommendations for their application.<p></p>","abstract_html":"This study systematically investigated three types of calcium carbide residue (CCR)-based materials for sustainable soil stabilisation, including CCR alone, CCR combined with fly ash (CCR-FA), and CCR-FA activated by a waste glass-derived alkaline activator. A series of microstructural analyses, isotropic consolidation, consolidated undrained, tank leaching, and wetting-drying cycle tests were conducted, and life cycle assessment was applied to evaluate their feasibility and sustainability. An established constitutive model was adopted to reproduce the stress-strain behaviour of stabilised soils. The results showed that all CCR-based materials significantly improved soil strength compared to untreated soil, with alkali-activated CCR-FA developing the highest strength and lowest compressibility in early curing stages due to the formation of both C-A-S-H and N-A-S-H gels. When the consolidation pressure was between the gross yield stress and final yield stress, strength of stabilised soils significantly reduced, while consolidation pressures higher than final yield stress improved shear strength. The 28-day cured CCR-FA and alkali-activated CCR-FA stabilised soils retained high strengths following seven wetting-drying cycles, while CCR stabilised soils collapsed after only two cycles. The low concentrations of heavy metals leached from CCR-based materials demonstrated their low environmental risk. The CCR-FA stabilised soil could effectively immobilise Cu, Cr, and As, while CCR alone was more effective for Pb. The LCA results confirmed environmental advantages of CCR-based materials, particularly CCR-FA, though these benefits were influenced by waste availability and the energy source during material processing. The adopted constitutive model reasonably captured the stress-strain behaviour of 60-day cured CCR stabilised soil. Overall, these findings demonstrate the feasibility and sustainability of CCR-based materials for soil stabilisation and offer practical recommendations for their application.&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Panpan Tang (21052385)"],"institution":null,"degree_name":null,"degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2026,"date_issued":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","date_published":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-27T19:34:09Z","subjects":["Calcium carbide residue","Stabilisation mechanism","Shear strength","Environmental impacts","Constitutive model"],"languages":[],"rights":["All rights reserved","Open Access after 2027-09-09"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["10779/exe.31474939.v1"],"render_values":[{"text":"10779/exe.31474939.v1","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":null,"outbound_label":null,"outbound_source":null},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Panpan Tang (21052385)"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2026-03-09T00:00:00Z"]},{"key":"dc:relation","label":"Dc Relation","values":["https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Mechanical_Properties_and_Environmental_Performance_of_Calcium_Carbide_Residue-Based_Materials_in_Soil_Stabilisation/31474939"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Text","Thesis"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Calcium carbide residue","Stabilisation mechanism","Shear strength","Environmental impacts","Constitutive model"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["All rights reserved","Open Access after 2027-09-09"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["10779/exe.31474939.v1"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["This study systematically investigated three types of calcium carbide residue (CCR)-based materials for sustainable soil stabilisation, including CCR alone, CCR combined with fly ash (CCR-FA), and CCR-FA activated by a waste glass-derived alkaline activator. A series of microstructural analyses, isotropic consolidation, consolidated undrained, tank leaching, and wetting-drying cycle tests were conducted, and life cycle assessment was applied to evaluate their feasibility and sustainability. An established constitutive model was adopted to reproduce the stress-strain behaviour of stabilised soils. The results showed that all CCR-based materials significantly improved soil strength compared to untreated soil, with alkali-activated CCR-FA developing the highest strength and lowest compressibility in early curing stages due to the formation of both C-A-S-H and N-A-S-H gels. When the consolidation pressure was between the gross yield stress and final yield stress, strength of stabilised soils significantly reduced, while consolidation pressures higher than final yield stress improved shear strength. The 28-day cured CCR-FA and alkali-activated CCR-FA stabilised soils retained high strengths following seven wetting-drying cycles, while CCR stabilised soils collapsed after only two cycles. The low concentrations of heavy metals leached from CCR-based materials demonstrated their low environmental risk. The CCR-FA stabilised soil could effectively immobilise Cu, Cr, and As, while CCR alone was more effective for Pb. The LCA results confirmed environmental advantages of CCR-based materials, particularly CCR-FA, though these benefits were influenced by waste availability and the energy source during material processing. The adopted constitutive model reasonably captured the stress-strain behaviour of 60-day cured CCR stabilised soil. Overall, these findings demonstrate the feasibility and sustainability of CCR-based materials for soil stabilisation and offer practical recommendations for their application.<p></p>"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Mechanical Properties and Environmental Performance of Calcium Carbide Residue-Based Materials in Soil Stabilisation"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:creator":["Panpan Tang (21052385)"],"dc:date":["2026-03-09T00:00:00Z"],"dc:description":["This study systematically investigated three types of calcium carbide residue (CCR)-based materials for sustainable soil stabilisation, including CCR alone, CCR combined with fly ash (CCR-FA), and CCR-FA activated by a waste glass-derived alkaline activator. A series of microstructural analyses, isotropic consolidation, consolidated undrained, tank leaching, and wetting-drying cycle tests were conducted, and life cycle assessment was applied to evaluate their feasibility and sustainability. An established constitutive model was adopted to reproduce the stress-strain behaviour of stabilised soils. The results showed that all CCR-based materials significantly improved soil strength compared to untreated soil, with alkali-activated CCR-FA developing the highest strength and lowest compressibility in early curing stages due to the formation of both C-A-S-H and N-A-S-H gels. When the consolidation pressure was between the gross yield stress and final yield stress, strength of stabilised soils significantly reduced, while consolidation pressures higher than final yield stress improved shear strength. The 28-day cured CCR-FA and alkali-activated CCR-FA stabilised soils retained high strengths following seven wetting-drying cycles, while CCR stabilised soils collapsed after only two cycles. The low concentrations of heavy metals leached from CCR-based materials demonstrated their low environmental risk. The CCR-FA stabilised soil could effectively immobilise Cu, Cr, and As, while CCR alone was more effective for Pb. The LCA results confirmed environmental advantages of CCR-based materials, particularly CCR-FA, though these benefits were influenced by waste availability and the energy source during material processing. The adopted constitutive model reasonably captured the stress-strain behaviour of 60-day cured CCR stabilised soil. Overall, these findings demonstrate the feasibility and sustainability of CCR-based materials for soil stabilisation and offer practical recommendations for their application.<p></p>"],"dc:identifier":["10779/exe.31474939.v1"],"dc:relation":["https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Mechanical_Properties_and_Environmental_Performance_of_Calcium_Carbide_Residue-Based_Materials_in_Soil_Stabilisation/31474939"],"dc:rights":["All rights reserved","Open Access after 2027-09-09"],"dc:subject":["Calcium carbide residue","Stabilisation mechanism","Shear strength","Environmental impacts","Constitutive model"],"dc:title":["Mechanical Properties and Environmental Performance of Calcium Carbide Residue-Based Materials in Soil Stabilisation"],"dc:type":["Text","Thesis"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-27T19:34:09Z"}