Yolk supplies the majority of embryonic calcium in snakes. Oviparous and viviparous snakes also receive calcium late in development from the eggshell and placenta, respectively. The pattern and mechanism of calcium transport are partly understood for oviparous snakes. I studied a viviparous snake, Virginia striatula, to determine the pattern of embryonic calcium accumulation as well as the ontogenetic expression of calcium transporting proteins in extraembryonic tissues. The pattern of embryonic calcium uptake of V. striatula occurs late in development, during the phase of highest embryonic growth. Calbindin-D28k, Ca2+ ATPase, and carbonic anhydrase II are expressed in chorioallantoic membrane, while yolk sac only expresses calbindin-D28k, coincident with the timing of calcium transport in embryos of V. striatula. Thus, the pattern of embryonic calcium accumulation in V. striatula is similar to that of oviparous snakes. Although calbindin-D28k and Ca2+ ATPase are likely active in embryonic calcium transport, the role of carbonic anhydrase II remains less clear.
","abstract_html":"<p>Yolk supplies the majority of embryonic calcium in snakes. Oviparous and viviparous snakes also receive calcium late in development from the eggshell and placenta, respectively. The pattern and mechanism of calcium transport are partly understood for oviparous snakes. I studied a viviparous snake, <em>Virginia striatula</em>, to determine the pattern of embryonic calcium accumulation as well as the ontogenetic expression of calcium transporting proteins in extraembryonic tissues. The pattern of embryonic calcium uptake of <em>V. striatula</em> occurs late in development, during the phase of highest embryonic growth. Calbindin-D28k, Ca<sup>2+</sup> ATPase, and carbonic anhydrase II are expressed in chorioallantoic membrane, while yolk sac only expresses calbindin-D28k, coincident with the timing of calcium transport in embryos of <em>V. striatula</em>. Thus, the pattern of embryonic calcium accumulation in <em>V. striatula</em> is similar to that of oviparous snakes. Although calbindin-D28k and Ca<sup>2+</sup> ATPase are likely active in embryonic calcium transport, the role of carbonic anhydrase II remains less clear.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Fregoso, Santiago"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"MS (Master of Science)","degree_level":"Thesis - restricted","degree_discipline":"Biology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2010,"date_issued":"2010-05-08T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2010-05-08T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:20:42Z","subjects":["calcium","oviparity","placentotrophy","squamates","viviparity","Cell and Developmental Biology","Developmental Biology","Life Sciences"],"languages":[],"rights":["Copyright by the authors."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1712","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Fregoso, Santiago"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2010-05-08T07:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Biology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis - restricted"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["MS (Master of Science)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["calcium","oviparity","placentotrophy","squamates","viviparity","Cell and Developmental Biology","Developmental Biology","Life Sciences"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright by the authors."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://dc.etsu.edu/context/etd/article/3067/viewcontent/FregosoS041810f.pdf","https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1712"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Yolk supplies the majority of embryonic calcium in snakes. Oviparous and viviparous snakes also receive calcium late in development from the eggshell and placenta, respectively. The pattern and mechanism of calcium transport are partly understood for oviparous snakes. I studied a viviparous snake, Virginia striatula, to determine the pattern of embryonic calcium accumulation as well as the ontogenetic expression of calcium transporting proteins in extraembryonic tissues. The pattern of embryonic calcium uptake of V. striatula occurs late in development, during the phase of highest embryonic growth. Calbindin-D28k, Ca2+ ATPase, and carbonic anhydrase II are expressed in chorioallantoic membrane, while yolk sac only expresses calbindin-D28k, coincident with the timing of calcium transport in embryos of V. striatula. Thus, the pattern of embryonic calcium accumulation in V. striatula is similar to that of oviparous snakes. Although calbindin-D28k and Ca2+ ATPase are likely active in embryonic calcium transport, the role of carbonic anhydrase II remains less clear.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Pattern and Mechanism of Calcium Mobilization During Embryonic Development in a Viviparous Snake, Virginia striatula."]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:creator":["Fregoso, Santiago"],"dc:date.issued":["2010-05-08T07:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["Yolk supplies the majority of embryonic calcium in snakes. Oviparous and viviparous snakes also receive calcium late in development from the eggshell and placenta, respectively. The pattern and mechanism of calcium transport are partly understood for oviparous snakes. I studied a viviparous snake, Virginia striatula, to determine the pattern of embryonic calcium accumulation as well as the ontogenetic expression of calcium transporting proteins in extraembryonic tissues. The pattern of embryonic calcium uptake of V. striatula occurs late in development, during the phase of highest embryonic growth. Calbindin-D28k, Ca2+ ATPase, and carbonic anhydrase II are expressed in chorioallantoic membrane, while yolk sac only expresses calbindin-D28k, coincident with the timing of calcium transport in embryos of V. striatula. Thus, the pattern of embryonic calcium accumulation in V. striatula is similar to that of oviparous snakes. Although calbindin-D28k and Ca2+ ATPase are likely active in embryonic calcium transport, the role of carbonic anhydrase II remains less clear.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://dc.etsu.edu/context/etd/article/3067/viewcontent/FregosoS041810f.pdf","https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1712"],"dc:rights":["Copyright by the authors."],"dc:subject":["calcium","oviparity","placentotrophy","squamates","viviparity","Cell and Developmental Biology","Developmental Biology","Life Sciences"],"dc:title":["Pattern and Mechanism of Calcium Mobilization During Embryonic Development in a Viviparous Snake, Virginia striatula."],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Biology"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis - restricted"],"thesis:degree_name":["MS (Master of Science)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:20:42Z"}