In the United States, race, poverty, and language are all predictors of academic achievement. These achievement gaps have the potential to create long-term, negative, economic, and social implications for students of color, those living in poverty, or those who are English Language Learners (ELL). A school climate characterized by a caring student/teacher relationship is one approach that could mitigate the negative outcomes and help to close these gaps. However, as the student population becomes increasingly non-White and ELL, but teachers remain predominantly White, there are cultural differences that may inhibit the development of a caring student/teacher relationship. Therefore, it is important to investigate how students perceive care and determine which caring factors are most important for students. This study was conducted to determine which caring behaviors were most important to middle school students and to identify trends by grade level, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and ELL classification. To examine students’ perception of caring teacher behaviors, a diverse group of 1,186 middle school students (400 sixth graders, 388 seventh graders, and 391 eighth graders) from five middle schools were surveyed. Frequency tables, and nonparametric, ANOVA and chi-square tests were used to compare students’ responses. The tests revealed 17 items that were most reflective of a caring teacher. Further analysis revealed differences by grade, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and ELL classification. The results of this study show that care is perceived differently by subgroups of students and could assist educators in developing more meaningful caring relationships with all students but more importantly with historically marginalized students.
","abstract_html":"<p>In the United States, race, poverty, and language are all predictors of academic achievement. These achievement gaps have the potential to create long-term, negative, economic, and social implications for students of color, those living in poverty, or those who are English Language Learners (ELL). A school climate characterized by a caring student/teacher relationship is one approach that could mitigate the negative outcomes and help to close these gaps. However, as the student population becomes increasingly non-White and ELL, but teachers remain predominantly White, there are cultural differences that may inhibit the development of a caring student/teacher relationship. Therefore, it is important to investigate how students perceive care and determine which caring factors are most important for students. This study was conducted to determine which caring behaviors were most important to middle school students and to identify trends by grade level, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and ELL classification. To examine students’ perception of caring teacher behaviors, a diverse group of 1,186 middle school students (400 sixth graders, 388 seventh graders, and 391 eighth graders) from five middle schools were surveyed. Frequency tables, and nonparametric, ANOVA and chi-square tests were used to compare students’ responses. The tests revealed 17 items that were most reflective of a caring teacher. Further analysis revealed differences by grade, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and ELL classification. The results of this study show that care is perceived differently by subgroups of students and could assist educators in developing more meaningful caring relationships with all students but more importantly with historically marginalized students.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Peterson, Jaye"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)","degree_level":"Campus Only Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Leadership and Counseling","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Ronald Williamson, PhD","Diane Parfitt. PhD PhD","Rema Reynolds, PhD PhD"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2018,"date_issued":"2018-01-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2018-01-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:17:33Z","subjects":["Education","Educational Leadership"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://commons.emich.edu/theses/929","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Ronald Williamson, PhD","Diane Parfitt. 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These achievement gaps have the potential to create long-term, negative, economic, and social implications for students of color, those living in poverty, or those who are English Language Learners (ELL). A school climate characterized by a caring student/teacher relationship is one approach that could mitigate the negative outcomes and help to close these gaps. However, as the student population becomes increasingly non-White and ELL, but teachers remain predominantly White, there are cultural differences that may inhibit the development of a caring student/teacher relationship. Therefore, it is important to investigate how students perceive care and determine which caring factors are most important for students. This study was conducted to determine which caring behaviors were most important to middle school students and to identify trends by grade level, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and ELL classification. To examine students’ perception of caring teacher behaviors, a diverse group of 1,186 middle school students (400 sixth graders, 388 seventh graders, and 391 eighth graders) from five middle schools were surveyed. Frequency tables, and nonparametric, ANOVA and chi-square tests were used to compare students’ responses. The tests revealed 17 items that were most reflective of a caring teacher. Further analysis revealed differences by grade, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and ELL classification. The results of this study show that care is perceived differently by subgroups of students and could assist educators in developing more meaningful caring relationships with all students but more importantly with historically marginalized students.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Middle school students’ perceptions of caring teacher behaviors"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Ronald Williamson, PhD","Diane Parfitt. PhD PhD","Rema Reynolds, PhD PhD"],"dc:creator":["Peterson, Jaye"],"dc:date.available":["2019-01-10T08:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["In the United States, race, poverty, and language are all predictors of academic achievement. These achievement gaps have the potential to create long-term, negative, economic, and social implications for students of color, those living in poverty, or those who are English Language Learners (ELL). A school climate characterized by a caring student/teacher relationship is one approach that could mitigate the negative outcomes and help to close these gaps. However, as the student population becomes increasingly non-White and ELL, but teachers remain predominantly White, there are cultural differences that may inhibit the development of a caring student/teacher relationship. Therefore, it is important to investigate how students perceive care and determine which caring factors are most important for students. This study was conducted to determine which caring behaviors were most important to middle school students and to identify trends by grade level, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and ELL classification. To examine students’ perception of caring teacher behaviors, a diverse group of 1,186 middle school students (400 sixth graders, 388 seventh graders, and 391 eighth graders) from five middle schools were surveyed. Frequency tables, and nonparametric, ANOVA and chi-square tests were used to compare students’ responses. The tests revealed 17 items that were most reflective of a caring teacher. Further analysis revealed differences by grade, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and ELL classification. The results of this study show that care is perceived differently by subgroups of students and could assist educators in developing more meaningful caring relationships with all students but more importantly with historically marginalized students.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://commons.emich.edu/theses/929"],"dc:subject":["Education","Educational Leadership"],"dc:title":["Middle school students’ perceptions of caring teacher behaviors"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Leadership and Counseling"],"thesis:degree_level":["Campus Only Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:17:33Z"}