Retention and transfer for ballistic open motor skills may best be achieved through specific + variable practice along with error estimation. Inconsistent support for the variability of practice hypothesis warrants a cross-testing of this hypothesis. Estimation had been used and found beneficial on ballistic closed motor skills, but what about ballistic open motor skills?
This study tests ballistic open motor skills on an anticipation timer. Specific and specific + variable practice groups coupled estimation and no-estimation conditions for testing purposes.
The results indicated that although there were no significant differences during acquisition, significant differences did exist for retention and transfer in support of the variability of practice hypothesis.
In conclusion, no particular practice condition aided learning during acquisition. Specific practice was more beneficial for retention, which did not support S+V-enhancing retention. And finally, estimation and S+V practice benefited transfer, which supports the variable of practice hypothesis.
","abstract_html":"<p>Retention and transfer for ballistic open motor skills may best be achieved through specific + variable practice along with error estimation. Inconsistent support for the variability of practice hypothesis warrants a cross-testing of this hypothesis. Estimation had been used and found beneficial on ballistic closed motor skills, but what about ballistic open motor skills?</p> <p>This study tests ballistic open motor skills on an anticipation timer. Specific and specific + variable practice groups coupled estimation and no-estimation conditions for testing purposes.</p> <p>The results indicated that although there were no significant differences during acquisition, significant differences did exist for retention and transfer in support of the variability of practice hypothesis.</p> <p>In conclusion, no particular practice condition aided learning during acquisition. Specific practice was more beneficial for retention, which did not support S+V-enhancing retention. And finally, estimation and S+V practice benefited transfer, which supports the variable of practice hypothesis.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Donakowski, Colleen E"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science (MS)","degree_level":"Open Access Thesis","degree_discipline":"Health Promotion and Human Performance","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Murali Nair, PhD, Chair","Geffrey Colon, PhD","Erik Pederson, PhD"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2005,"date_issued":"2005-01-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2005-01-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:16:30Z","subjects":["Memory","Learning ability Testing","Learning ability","Perceptual-motor learning","Motor learning","Health and Medical Administration"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://commons.emich.edu/theses/117","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Murali Nair, PhD, Chair","Geffrey Colon, PhD","Erik Pederson, PhD"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Donakowski, Colleen E"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Health Promotion and Human Performance"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Open Access Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science (MS)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Memory","Learning ability Testing","Learning ability","Perceptual-motor learning","Motor learning","Health and Medical Administration"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://commons.emich.edu/theses/117"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Retention and transfer for ballistic open motor skills may best be achieved through specific + variable practice along with error estimation. Inconsistent support for the variability of practice hypothesis warrants a cross-testing of this hypothesis. Estimation had been used and found beneficial on ballistic closed motor skills, but what about ballistic open motor skills?
This study tests ballistic open motor skills on an anticipation timer. Specific and specific + variable practice groups coupled estimation and no-estimation conditions for testing purposes.
The results indicated that although there were no significant differences during acquisition, significant differences did exist for retention and transfer in support of the variability of practice hypothesis.
In conclusion, no particular practice condition aided learning during acquisition. Specific practice was more beneficial for retention, which did not support S+V-enhancing retention. And finally, estimation and S+V practice benefited transfer, which supports the variable of practice hypothesis.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["The effects of variable practice and subjective estimation on error-detection capabilities"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Murali Nair, PhD, Chair","Geffrey Colon, PhD","Erik Pederson, PhD"],"dc:creator":["Donakowski, Colleen E"],"dc:description.abstract":["Retention and transfer for ballistic open motor skills may best be achieved through specific + variable practice along with error estimation. Inconsistent support for the variability of practice hypothesis warrants a cross-testing of this hypothesis. Estimation had been used and found beneficial on ballistic closed motor skills, but what about ballistic open motor skills?
This study tests ballistic open motor skills on an anticipation timer. Specific and specific + variable practice groups coupled estimation and no-estimation conditions for testing purposes.
The results indicated that although there were no significant differences during acquisition, significant differences did exist for retention and transfer in support of the variability of practice hypothesis.
In conclusion, no particular practice condition aided learning during acquisition. Specific practice was more beneficial for retention, which did not support S+V-enhancing retention. And finally, estimation and S+V practice benefited transfer, which supports the variable of practice hypothesis.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://commons.emich.edu/theses/117"],"dc:subject":["Memory","Learning ability Testing","Learning ability","Perceptual-motor learning","Motor learning","Health and Medical Administration"],"dc:title":["The effects of variable practice and subjective estimation on error-detection capabilities"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Health Promotion and Human Performance"],"thesis:degree_level":["Open Access Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science (MS)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:16:30Z"}