Occupational therapy has evolved from its early inception in diversional therapy to incorporate technologically advanced modalities into the professional domain. Over the last thirty years the profession has increasingly incorporated physical agent modalities (PAMs) into the treatment process. Throughout this process there has been both opposition and support for the inclusion of PAMs in occupational therapy. There are concerns from both sides regarding the proper training of therapists in the use of PAMs, how competency should be assessed, who is responsible for ensuring competency, and the ethical concerns with the use of these modalities.
This phenomenological study analyzed six therapists’ views on competency testing and the clinical and ethical implications involved in the use of PAMs. The findings of this study are compared and contrasted to the core ethical principles of occupational therapy. These include principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, confidentiality, duty, procedural justice, veracity, and fidelity.
","abstract_html":"<p>Occupational therapy has evolved from its early inception in diversional therapy to incorporate technologically advanced modalities into the professional domain. Over the last thirty years the profession has increasingly incorporated physical agent modalities (PAMs) into the treatment process. Throughout this process there has been both opposition and support for the inclusion of PAMs in occupational therapy. There are concerns from both sides regarding the proper training of therapists in the use of PAMs, how competency should be assessed, who is responsible for ensuring competency, and the ethical concerns with the use of these modalities.</p> <p>This phenomenological study analyzed six therapists’ views on competency testing and the clinical and ethical implications involved in the use of PAMs. The findings of this study are compared and contrasted to the core ethical principles of occupational therapy. These include principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, confidentiality, duty, procedural justice, veracity, and fidelity.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Lambert, Casey A"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science (MS)","degree_level":"Open Access Thesis","degree_discipline":"Health Sciences","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Ruth Hansen, PhD, CoChair","Judith Olson, PhD, CoChair"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2007,"date_issued":"2007-01-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2007-01-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:16:24Z","subjects":["Medicine","Physical","Occupational therapy"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://commons.emich.edu/theses/40","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Ruth Hansen, PhD, CoChair","Judith Olson, PhD, CoChair"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Lambert, Casey A"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Health Sciences"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Open Access Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science (MS)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Medicine","Physical","Occupational therapy"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://commons.emich.edu/theses/40"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Occupational therapy has evolved from its early inception in diversional therapy to incorporate technologically advanced modalities into the professional domain. Over the last thirty years the profession has increasingly incorporated physical agent modalities (PAMs) into the treatment process. Throughout this process there has been both opposition and support for the inclusion of PAMs in occupational therapy. There are concerns from both sides regarding the proper training of therapists in the use of PAMs, how competency should be assessed, who is responsible for ensuring competency, and the ethical concerns with the use of these modalities.
This phenomenological study analyzed six therapists’ views on competency testing and the clinical and ethical implications involved in the use of PAMs. The findings of this study are compared and contrasted to the core ethical principles of occupational therapy. These include principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, confidentiality, duty, procedural justice, veracity, and fidelity.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Competencies and physical agent modalities: An investigation of clinical and ethical implications"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Ruth Hansen, PhD, CoChair","Judith Olson, PhD, CoChair"],"dc:creator":["Lambert, Casey A"],"dc:description.abstract":["Occupational therapy has evolved from its early inception in diversional therapy to incorporate technologically advanced modalities into the professional domain. Over the last thirty years the profession has increasingly incorporated physical agent modalities (PAMs) into the treatment process. Throughout this process there has been both opposition and support for the inclusion of PAMs in occupational therapy. There are concerns from both sides regarding the proper training of therapists in the use of PAMs, how competency should be assessed, who is responsible for ensuring competency, and the ethical concerns with the use of these modalities.
This phenomenological study analyzed six therapists’ views on competency testing and the clinical and ethical implications involved in the use of PAMs. The findings of this study are compared and contrasted to the core ethical principles of occupational therapy. These include principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, confidentiality, duty, procedural justice, veracity, and fidelity.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://commons.emich.edu/theses/40"],"dc:subject":["Medicine","Physical","Occupational therapy"],"dc:title":["Competencies and physical agent modalities: An investigation of clinical and ethical implications"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Health Sciences"],"thesis:degree_level":["Open Access Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science (MS)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:16:24Z"}