Throughout the course of any flight, pilots and air traffic control (ATC) are in constant radio communication regarding the position and route of the aircraft. Effective pilot-ATC communication helps to increase safety by increasing the situation awareness of both the pilot and controller. In the current pilot-ATC communication system, auditory messages are sent back and forth between the pilot and controller. The nature of these auditory messages makes them highly susceptible to memory and information processing limitations. This effect is magnified when dealing with pilots who have learned English as a second language (ESL) as people have more difficulty processing information in their second language (L2). The study examined the effect of using mixed modality or redundant (auditory and visual) ATC messages in the cockpit on ESL pilots. The study employed a 2 x 2 mixed design with primary language as a between-subjects factor (monolingual, English speaking pilots vs. ESL pilots) and message modality as a within-subjects factor (auditory only vs. auditory and visual). Forty pilots, 20 in each language condition, conducted enroute and approach flight maneuvers while responding to pre-recorded ATC messages taken from real ATC transmissions. Each pilot was exposed to 20 clearances, ten visual and ten mixed. The researchers recorded each pilot's readback and assessed the response time and accuracy of each transmission. Each response time and accuracy score were calculated into an average for each participant based on clearance type. The responses were also calculated into a composite score that determined an accuracy to speed ratio. The results of the study indicated that both groups performed significantly better in the mixed modality; however, the study did not reveal any significant group differences.
","abstract_html":"<p>Throughout the course of any flight, pilots and air traffic control (ATC) are in constant radio communication regarding the position and route of the aircraft. Effective pilot-ATC communication helps to increase safety by increasing the situation awareness of both the pilot and controller. In the current pilot-ATC communication system, auditory messages are sent back and forth between the pilot and controller. The nature of these auditory messages makes them highly susceptible to memory and information processing limitations. This effect is magnified when dealing with pilots who have learned English as a second language (ESL) as people have more difficulty processing information in their second language (L2). The study examined the effect of using mixed modality or redundant (auditory and visual) ATC messages in the cockpit on ESL pilots. The study employed a 2 x 2 mixed design with primary language as a between-subjects factor (monolingual, English speaking pilots vs. ESL pilots) and message modality as a within-subjects factor (auditory only vs. auditory and visual). Forty pilots, 20 in each language condition, conducted enroute and approach flight maneuvers while responding to pre-recorded ATC messages taken from real ATC transmissions. Each pilot was exposed to 20 clearances, ten visual and ten mixed. The researchers recorded each pilot's readback and assessed the response time and accuracy of each transmission. Each response time and accuracy score were calculated into an average for each participant based on clearance type. The responses were also calculated into a composite score that determined an accuracy to speed ratio. The results of the study indicated that both groups performed significantly better in the mixed modality; however, the study did not reveal any significant group differences.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Cummings, Shannon Marie"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science in Human Factors & Systems","degree_level":"Thesis - Open Access","degree_discipline":"Human Factors and Systems","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2013,"date_issued":"2013-04-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2013-04-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-27T19:26:02Z","subjects":["voice communication","air traffic control","pilots","ESL","Aviation","Other Psychology"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://commons.erau.edu/edt/40","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Cummings, Shannon Marie"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Human Factors and Systems"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis - Open Access"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science in Human Factors & Systems"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["voice communication","air traffic control","pilots","ESL","Aviation","Other Psychology"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://commons.erau.edu/edt/40"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Throughout the course of any flight, pilots and air traffic control (ATC) are in constant radio communication regarding the position and route of the aircraft. Effective pilot-ATC communication helps to increase safety by increasing the situation awareness of both the pilot and controller. In the current pilot-ATC communication system, auditory messages are sent back and forth between the pilot and controller. The nature of these auditory messages makes them highly susceptible to memory and information processing limitations. This effect is magnified when dealing with pilots who have learned English as a second language (ESL) as people have more difficulty processing information in their second language (L2). The study examined the effect of using mixed modality or redundant (auditory and visual) ATC messages in the cockpit on ESL pilots. The study employed a 2 x 2 mixed design with primary language as a between-subjects factor (monolingual, English speaking pilots vs. ESL pilots) and message modality as a within-subjects factor (auditory only vs. auditory and visual). Forty pilots, 20 in each language condition, conducted enroute and approach flight maneuvers while responding to pre-recorded ATC messages taken from real ATC transmissions. Each pilot was exposed to 20 clearances, ten visual and ten mixed. The researchers recorded each pilot's readback and assessed the response time and accuracy of each transmission. Each response time and accuracy score were calculated into an average for each participant based on clearance type. The responses were also calculated into a composite score that determined an accuracy to speed ratio. The results of the study indicated that both groups performed significantly better in the mixed modality; however, the study did not reveal any significant group differences.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Comparison of Voice and Text ATC Communications in the Cockpit for ESL Pilots"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:creator":["Cummings, Shannon Marie"],"dc:description.abstract":["Throughout the course of any flight, pilots and air traffic control (ATC) are in constant radio communication regarding the position and route of the aircraft. Effective pilot-ATC communication helps to increase safety by increasing the situation awareness of both the pilot and controller. In the current pilot-ATC communication system, auditory messages are sent back and forth between the pilot and controller. The nature of these auditory messages makes them highly susceptible to memory and information processing limitations. This effect is magnified when dealing with pilots who have learned English as a second language (ESL) as people have more difficulty processing information in their second language (L2). The study examined the effect of using mixed modality or redundant (auditory and visual) ATC messages in the cockpit on ESL pilots. The study employed a 2 x 2 mixed design with primary language as a between-subjects factor (monolingual, English speaking pilots vs. ESL pilots) and message modality as a within-subjects factor (auditory only vs. auditory and visual). Forty pilots, 20 in each language condition, conducted enroute and approach flight maneuvers while responding to pre-recorded ATC messages taken from real ATC transmissions. Each pilot was exposed to 20 clearances, ten visual and ten mixed. The researchers recorded each pilot's readback and assessed the response time and accuracy of each transmission. Each response time and accuracy score were calculated into an average for each participant based on clearance type. The responses were also calculated into a composite score that determined an accuracy to speed ratio. The results of the study indicated that both groups performed significantly better in the mixed modality; however, the study did not reveal any significant group differences.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://commons.erau.edu/edt/40"],"dc:subject":["voice communication","air traffic control","pilots","ESL","Aviation","Other Psychology"],"dc:title":["Comparison of Voice and Text ATC Communications in the Cockpit for ESL Pilots"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Human Factors and Systems"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis - Open Access"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science in Human Factors & Systems"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-27T19:26:02Z"}