{"id":{"repo_id":"eku","oai_identifier":"oai:encompass.eku.edu:etd-1790"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/eku/oai:encompass.eku.edu:etd-1790","repository":{"repo_id":"eku","name":"Eastern Kentucky University","base_url":"https://encompass.eku.edu/do/oai/"},"display":{"title":"No Safe Spaces: Institutionally Washed Out","abstract":"Abstract Prior literature has shown that black and brown bodies (BBB) are policed and victimized at higher rates than their white counterparts within the criminal justice system. The criminalization of school discipline is a microcosm of ‘big’ criminal justice. Criminal justice measures were implemented within schools as a means of maintaining ‘safety.’ Policing in schools perpetuates punishment disproportionality and maintains similar disproportionalities as the ‘big’ criminal justice system in terms of for whom and how how severely it is applied. Meaning that regardless of the school's demographics or student backgrounds, black and brown bodies are punished at a higher rate than their white counterparts. Prior literature has already shown that black and brown youth are policed at higher rates within schools than their white counterparts and that school demographics also have an effect on racialized school discipline. However, prior research is limited in its ability to take into account the potential interconnectivity of these multilevel findings. This research uses Wacquant's theory to explain the intentional holes in institutions that are used as a means of maintaining social control and Racial/Ethnic Threat to negate the idea of 'safety.' Based on past research, the purpose of this study is to correlate the disproportional use of punishment on minorities at the individual level and the institutional level. This research controls for prior misconduct and/or prior criminalization, finding that BBBs continue to be punished at higher rates, regardless of the demographics of the school. The findings of this research allude to the reality of these discriminatory practices; they are not to maintain ‘safety', but could be interpreted as institutional means of control aimed to preserve and perpetuate systems of marginalization and oppression.","abstract_html":"Abstract Prior literature has shown that black and brown bodies (BBB) are policed and victimized at higher rates than their white counterparts within the criminal justice system. The criminalization of school discipline is a microcosm of ‘big’ criminal justice. Criminal justice measures were implemented within schools as a means of maintaining ‘safety.’ Policing in schools perpetuates punishment disproportionality and maintains similar disproportionalities as the ‘big’ criminal justice system in terms of for whom and how how severely it is applied. Meaning that regardless of the school's demographics or student backgrounds, black and brown bodies are punished at a higher rate than their white counterparts. Prior literature has already shown that black and brown youth are policed at higher rates within schools than their white counterparts and that school demographics also have an effect on racialized school discipline. However, prior research is limited in its ability to take into account the potential interconnectivity of these multilevel findings. This research uses Wacquant's theory to explain the intentional holes in institutions that are used as a means of maintaining social control and Racial/Ethnic Threat to negate the idea of 'safety.' Based on past research, the purpose of this study is to correlate the disproportional use of punishment on minorities at the individual level and the institutional level. This research controls for prior misconduct and/or prior criminalization, finding that BBBs continue to be punished at higher rates, regardless of the demographics of the school. The findings of this research allude to the reality of these discriminatory practices; they are not to maintain ‘safety', but could be interpreted as institutional means of control aimed to preserve and perpetuate systems of marginalization and oppression.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["King, Jordan Marie"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science (MS)","degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":"Justice Studies","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2023,"date_issued":"2023-05-25T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2023-05-25T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:16:00Z","subjects":["Criminalization;discriminatory punitive punishment;Minorities;multi-level;Policing;Schools","Criminology","Social and Behavioral Sciences","Sociology"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://encompass.eku.edu/etd/792","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["King, Jordan Marie"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Justice Studies"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science (MS)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Criminalization;discriminatory punitive punishment;Minorities;multi-level;Policing;Schools","Criminology","Social and Behavioral Sciences","Sociology"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://encompass.eku.edu/etd/792"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Abstract Prior literature has shown that black and brown bodies (BBB) are policed and victimized at higher rates than their white counterparts within the criminal justice system. The criminalization of school discipline is a microcosm of ‘big’ criminal justice. Criminal justice measures were implemented within schools as a means of maintaining ‘safety.’ Policing in schools perpetuates punishment disproportionality and maintains similar disproportionalities as the ‘big’ criminal justice system in terms of for whom and how how severely it is applied. Meaning that regardless of the school's demographics or student backgrounds, black and brown bodies are punished at a higher rate than their white counterparts. Prior literature has already shown that black and brown youth are policed at higher rates within schools than their white counterparts and that school demographics also have an effect on racialized school discipline. However, prior research is limited in its ability to take into account the potential interconnectivity of these multilevel findings. This research uses Wacquant's theory to explain the intentional holes in institutions that are used as a means of maintaining social control and Racial/Ethnic Threat to negate the idea of 'safety.' Based on past research, the purpose of this study is to correlate the disproportional use of punishment on minorities at the individual level and the institutional level. This research controls for prior misconduct and/or prior criminalization, finding that BBBs continue to be punished at higher rates, regardless of the demographics of the school. The findings of this research allude to the reality of these discriminatory practices; they are not to maintain ‘safety', but could be interpreted as institutional means of control aimed to preserve and perpetuate systems of marginalization and oppression."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["No Safe Spaces: Institutionally Washed Out"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:creator":["King, Jordan Marie"],"dc:description.abstract":["Abstract Prior literature has shown that black and brown bodies (BBB) are policed and victimized at higher rates than their white counterparts within the criminal justice system. The criminalization of school discipline is a microcosm of ‘big’ criminal justice. Criminal justice measures were implemented within schools as a means of maintaining ‘safety.’ Policing in schools perpetuates punishment disproportionality and maintains similar disproportionalities as the ‘big’ criminal justice system in terms of for whom and how how severely it is applied. Meaning that regardless of the school's demographics or student backgrounds, black and brown bodies are punished at a higher rate than their white counterparts. Prior literature has already shown that black and brown youth are policed at higher rates within schools than their white counterparts and that school demographics also have an effect on racialized school discipline. However, prior research is limited in its ability to take into account the potential interconnectivity of these multilevel findings. This research uses Wacquant's theory to explain the intentional holes in institutions that are used as a means of maintaining social control and Racial/Ethnic Threat to negate the idea of 'safety.' Based on past research, the purpose of this study is to correlate the disproportional use of punishment on minorities at the individual level and the institutional level. This research controls for prior misconduct and/or prior criminalization, finding that BBBs continue to be punished at higher rates, regardless of the demographics of the school. The findings of this research allude to the reality of these discriminatory practices; they are not to maintain ‘safety', but could be interpreted as institutional means of control aimed to preserve and perpetuate systems of marginalization and oppression."],"dc:identifier":["https://encompass.eku.edu/etd/792"],"dc:subject":["Criminalization;discriminatory punitive punishment;Minorities;multi-level;Policing;Schools","Criminology","Social and Behavioral Sciences","Sociology"],"dc:title":["No Safe Spaces: Institutionally Washed Out"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Justice Studies"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science (MS)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:16:00Z"}