Racial discrimination plays a major role in out-of-school suspensions. Research shows that when students are suspended, they are removed from their learning environment, which can lead to poor academic achievement, lower graduation rates, and higher delinquency. The distribution of racial and ethnic minorities that are being suspended or expelled reveal disparities between the groups. Within the United States public school system, racial disparities have been documented over time to show African-American students are suspended from school at higher rates than any other race (Arcia, 2007; Bulter et al, 2012; Rocque, 2010; Skiba et al, 2002; Townsend, 2000).
School systems should be more proactive when dealing with student learning outcomes based on research and become more involved in student retention. Schools administrators should provide students with strong mentoring programs, family involvement activities and activities that build strong relationships with the parents and teachers of the students. The findings from the current study look at the impact out-of-school suspension has on African-American males and the outcomes for academic achievement. Since out-of-school suspension is increasing in many school districts across the United States, education leaders need to look at the effectiveness of suspension.
","abstract_html":"<p>Racial discrimination plays a major role in out-of-school suspensions. Research shows that when students are suspended, they are removed from their learning environment, which can lead to poor academic achievement, lower graduation rates, and higher delinquency. The distribution of racial and ethnic minorities that are being suspended or expelled reveal disparities between the groups. Within the United States public school system, racial disparities have been documented over time to show African-American students are suspended from school at higher rates than any other race (Arcia, 2007; Bulter et al, 2012; Rocque, 2010; Skiba et al, 2002; Townsend, 2000). </p> <p>School systems should be more proactive when dealing with student learning outcomes based on research and become more involved in student retention. Schools administrators should provide students with strong mentoring programs, family involvement activities and activities that build strong relationships with the parents and teachers of the students. The findings from the current study look at the impact out-of-school suspension has on African-American males and the outcomes for academic achievement. Since out-of-school suspension is increasing in many school districts across the United States, education leaders need to look at the effectiveness of suspension. </p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Herron-Rodgers, Jeffrey D."],"institution":"Eastern Kentucky University","degree_name":"Doctor of Education (EdD)","degree_level":"Doctoral's","degree_discipline":"Educational Leadership and Policy Studies","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2016,"date_issued":"2016-01-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2016-01-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:15:32Z","subjects":["African-American Males","Critical Race Theory","Restorative Justice","School Suspension","Educational Administration and Supervision","Race and Ethnicity"],"languages":[],"rights":["Copyright 2016 Jeffrey D. Herron-Rodgers"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://encompass.eku.edu/etd/373","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Herron-Rodgers, Jeffrey D."]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2017-05-10T07:00:00Z"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Encompass Digital Archive, Eastern Kentucky University"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Educational Leadership and Policy Studies"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Doctoral's"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Doctor of Education (EdD)"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Eastern Kentucky University"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["African-American Males","Critical Race Theory","Restorative Justice","School Suspension","Educational Administration and Supervision","Race and Ethnicity"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 2016 Jeffrey D. Herron-Rodgers"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://encompass.eku.edu/etd/373"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Racial discrimination plays a major role in out-of-school suspensions. Research shows that when students are suspended, they are removed from their learning environment, which can lead to poor academic achievement, lower graduation rates, and higher delinquency. The distribution of racial and ethnic minorities that are being suspended or expelled reveal disparities between the groups. Within the United States public school system, racial disparities have been documented over time to show African-American students are suspended from school at higher rates than any other race (Arcia, 2007; Bulter et al, 2012; Rocque, 2010; Skiba et al, 2002; Townsend, 2000).
School systems should be more proactive when dealing with student learning outcomes based on research and become more involved in student retention. Schools administrators should provide students with strong mentoring programs, family involvement activities and activities that build strong relationships with the parents and teachers of the students. The findings from the current study look at the impact out-of-school suspension has on African-American males and the outcomes for academic achievement. Since out-of-school suspension is increasing in many school districts across the United States, education leaders need to look at the effectiveness of suspension.
"]},{"key":"dc:format","label":"Dc Format","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:source","label":"Dc Source","values":["Encompass Digital Archive: Online Theses and Dissertations"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["A Comparison of School Suspension Rates and Number of Days Suspended between African-American and Caucasian Males"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:creator":["Herron-Rodgers, Jeffrey D."],"dc:date.available":["2017-05-10T07:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["Racial discrimination plays a major role in out-of-school suspensions. Research shows that when students are suspended, they are removed from their learning environment, which can lead to poor academic achievement, lower graduation rates, and higher delinquency. The distribution of racial and ethnic minorities that are being suspended or expelled reveal disparities between the groups. Within the United States public school system, racial disparities have been documented over time to show African-American students are suspended from school at higher rates than any other race (Arcia, 2007; Bulter et al, 2012; Rocque, 2010; Skiba et al, 2002; Townsend, 2000).
School systems should be more proactive when dealing with student learning outcomes based on research and become more involved in student retention. Schools administrators should provide students with strong mentoring programs, family involvement activities and activities that build strong relationships with the parents and teachers of the students. The findings from the current study look at the impact out-of-school suspension has on African-American males and the outcomes for academic achievement. Since out-of-school suspension is increasing in many school districts across the United States, education leaders need to look at the effectiveness of suspension.
"],"dc:format":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier":["https://encompass.eku.edu/etd/373"],"dc:publisher":["Encompass Digital Archive, Eastern Kentucky University"],"dc:rights":["Copyright 2016 Jeffrey D. Herron-Rodgers"],"dc:source":["Encompass Digital Archive: Online Theses and Dissertations"],"dc:subject":["African-American Males","Critical Race Theory","Restorative Justice","School Suspension","Educational Administration and Supervision","Race and Ethnicity"],"dc:title":["A Comparison of School Suspension Rates and Number of Days Suspended between African-American and Caucasian Males"],"dc:type":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Educational Leadership and Policy Studies"],"thesis:degree_level":["Doctoral's"],"thesis:degree_name":["Doctor of Education (EdD)"],"thesis:institution_name":["Eastern Kentucky University"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:15:32Z"}