Anxiety is one of the most common disorders in children that can often lead to detrimental outcomes. Empirically-supported risk factors for child anxiety include the child’s temperament and behavioral inhibition, insecure attachment, parental over-controlling behaviors, parental anxiety, and the impact of adverse life events on the child. Targeting these risk factors early on has the ability to lead to a decrease in anxiety symptoms later in adolescence and adulthood.
Evidence suggests behavioral, therapeutic interventions are effective for treating anxiety and other mood disorders for middle childhood and adolescents. Recent research has begun to focus on developmentally-appropriate adaptations for younger children to benefit from these current therapies, such as using play techniques and incorporating parental involvement. Specifically, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) has been adapted from an evidence-based treatment of disruptive disorders in young children, to its utilization in treating internalizing behaviors. Further, the Coaching Approach Behaviors and Leading by Modeling (CALM) program was developed as an adaptation for PCIT to decrease child anxiety symptoms as well as strengthen the overall parent and child relationship.
It is the aim of this study to add to the literature base of the CALM program as an adaptation to PCIT by also examining risk factors for a child’s anxiety levels such as attachment and parental behaviors. Using a single-subject, nonconcurrent multiple baseline design across subjects, this study provided overall mixed results for the CALM adaptation to PCIT using an early childhood population diagnosed with anxiety.
","abstract_html":"<p>Anxiety is one of the most common disorders in children that can often lead to detrimental outcomes. Empirically-supported risk factors for child anxiety include the child’s temperament and behavioral inhibition, insecure attachment, parental over-controlling behaviors, parental anxiety, and the impact of adverse life events on the child. Targeting these risk factors early on has the ability to lead to a decrease in anxiety symptoms later in adolescence and adulthood.</p> <p>Evidence suggests behavioral, therapeutic interventions are effective for treating anxiety and other mood disorders for middle childhood and adolescents. Recent research has begun to focus on developmentally-appropriate adaptations for younger children to benefit from these current therapies, such as using play techniques and incorporating parental involvement. Specifically, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) has been adapted from an evidence-based treatment of disruptive disorders in young children, to its utilization in treating internalizing behaviors. Further, the Coaching Approach Behaviors and Leading by Modeling (CALM) program was developed as an adaptation for PCIT to decrease child anxiety symptoms as well as strengthen the overall parent and child relationship.</p> <p>It is the aim of this study to add to the literature base of the CALM program as an adaptation to PCIT by also examining risk factors for a child’s anxiety levels such as attachment and parental behaviors. Using a single-subject, nonconcurrent multiple baseline design across subjects, this study provided overall mixed results for the CALM adaptation to PCIT using an early childhood population diagnosed with anxiety.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Bandi, Seana"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"PhD","degree_level":"Immediate Access","degree_discipline":"Counseling, Psychology, & Special Education","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Kara E. McGoey","Laura M. Crothers","Elizabeth McCallum"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2019,"date_issued":"2019-08-10T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2019-08-10T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:10:50Z","subjects":["anxiety","PCIT","early childhood","attachment","parenting styles","single-subject","Child Psychology","Clinical Psychology","School Psychology"],"languages":["English"],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/1798","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Kara E. McGoey","Laura M. Crothers","Elizabeth McCallum"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Bandi, Seana"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2019-08-10T07:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Counseling, Psychology, & Special Education"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Immediate Access"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["PhD"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["anxiety","PCIT","early childhood","attachment","parenting styles","single-subject","Child Psychology","Clinical Psychology","School Psychology"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["English"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/1798"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Anxiety is one of the most common disorders in children that can often lead to detrimental outcomes. Empirically-supported risk factors for child anxiety include the child’s temperament and behavioral inhibition, insecure attachment, parental over-controlling behaviors, parental anxiety, and the impact of adverse life events on the child. Targeting these risk factors early on has the ability to lead to a decrease in anxiety symptoms later in adolescence and adulthood.
Evidence suggests behavioral, therapeutic interventions are effective for treating anxiety and other mood disorders for middle childhood and adolescents. Recent research has begun to focus on developmentally-appropriate adaptations for younger children to benefit from these current therapies, such as using play techniques and incorporating parental involvement. Specifically, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) has been adapted from an evidence-based treatment of disruptive disorders in young children, to its utilization in treating internalizing behaviors. Further, the Coaching Approach Behaviors and Leading by Modeling (CALM) program was developed as an adaptation for PCIT to decrease child anxiety symptoms as well as strengthen the overall parent and child relationship.
It is the aim of this study to add to the literature base of the CALM program as an adaptation to PCIT by also examining risk factors for a child’s anxiety levels such as attachment and parental behaviors. Using a single-subject, nonconcurrent multiple baseline design across subjects, this study provided overall mixed results for the CALM adaptation to PCIT using an early childhood population diagnosed with anxiety.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Using the Coaching Approach Behavior and Leading By Modeling (CALM) Program to Examine Attachment and Parental Behaviors in Childhood Anxiety"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Kara E. McGoey","Laura M. Crothers","Elizabeth McCallum"],"dc:creator":["Bandi, Seana"],"dc:date.available":["2019-08-10T07:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["Anxiety is one of the most common disorders in children that can often lead to detrimental outcomes. Empirically-supported risk factors for child anxiety include the child’s temperament and behavioral inhibition, insecure attachment, parental over-controlling behaviors, parental anxiety, and the impact of adverse life events on the child. Targeting these risk factors early on has the ability to lead to a decrease in anxiety symptoms later in adolescence and adulthood.
Evidence suggests behavioral, therapeutic interventions are effective for treating anxiety and other mood disorders for middle childhood and adolescents. Recent research has begun to focus on developmentally-appropriate adaptations for younger children to benefit from these current therapies, such as using play techniques and incorporating parental involvement. Specifically, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) has been adapted from an evidence-based treatment of disruptive disorders in young children, to its utilization in treating internalizing behaviors. Further, the Coaching Approach Behaviors and Leading by Modeling (CALM) program was developed as an adaptation for PCIT to decrease child anxiety symptoms as well as strengthen the overall parent and child relationship.
It is the aim of this study to add to the literature base of the CALM program as an adaptation to PCIT by also examining risk factors for a child’s anxiety levels such as attachment and parental behaviors. Using a single-subject, nonconcurrent multiple baseline design across subjects, this study provided overall mixed results for the CALM adaptation to PCIT using an early childhood population diagnosed with anxiety.
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