Análisis observacional de la interacción lanzador-portero en penaltis en competiciones internacionales de selecciones de fútbol
This doctoral thesis, developed in the format of a thesis by compendium of publications, aims to analyze the interaction between kickers and goalkeepers in penalty kicks taken during international national team competitions. Within the observational methodology, an observation system has been designed which provides goalkeepers and their coaching staff with relevant information to predict the shot direction. The structure of the observation instrument focuses on four critical frames; additionally, other frames that are not considered critical but capture the interaction between the kicker and the goalkeeper are also recorded. Evidence of reliability, validity, and generalizability of the data obtained through this observational tool has been presented. The sample for this doctoral thesis includes penalty kicks taken in international competitions of national teams -Eurocup, American Cup, African Cup of Nations, Asian Cup, and Gold Cup- held between 2019 and 2021. Analyses have been conducted by grouping penalties from all competitions together, as well as separately for each competition. Given their significance in international tournaments, the study also examines the interaction between kickers and goalkeepers specifically in penalty shootouts corresponding to match outcomes. The findings of this doctoral thesis provide valuable insights that will help goalkeepers and coaches face penalty situations with greater confidence and preparation.
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