{"id":{"repo_id":"de-montfort","oai_identifier":"oai:dora.dmu.ac.uk:2086/25033"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/de-montfort/oai:dora.dmu.ac.uk:2086/25033","repository":{"repo_id":"de-montfort","name":"De Montfort University","base_url":"https://dora.dmu.ac.uk/server/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"AN INVESTIGATION OF THE MECHANISM BY WHICH ALUMINIUM AND OTHER POLYVALENT CATIONS INHIBIT ECCRINE SWEATING","abstract":"The aim of this investigation was to elucidate the mechanism by which aluminium and other polyvalent cations reduce sweat output of human and rat eccrine sweat glands. It was shown that sweating in rat plantar eccrine sweat glands could be induced in the anaesthetized animal by systemic administration of carbachol (0,0025-2500 ug/kg) or by local intradermal administration (0.75 µg in 0,01 ml of isotonic saline) of carbachol and methacholine and also by localised heat stress, These effects could all be reduced or abolished by prior administration of atropine ( 100 - 750 ug/kg). Systematically administered isoprenaline (400 µg/kg) was found to be more effective than either adrenaline or noradrenaline at the same dose level in promoting sweating in the foot pads, This effect could be reduced by prior administration of propanolol (800ug/kg). Similar results were obtained with isolated rat sweat gland prepa­rations which produced sweat following administration of carbachol (2 x 10-5) or methacholine (2 x 10-5). These responses were abolished by calcium lack in the bathing medium and atropine (l-5 x 10-5) administration. Aluminium chlorhydrate applied topically to the rat foot pad in concentrations of l to 25% w/v and pH 1.00 - 4,60 was found to be an effective antiperspirant. Lanthanum chloride was found to be more effective on an ionic basis than either aluninium chlorhydrate or zirconium oxychloride, The anhidrotic effect of these three compounds was antagonised by simultaneous application of a range of concentrations of calcium chloride solutions. Other ions studied, e.g. chromium, ferric, barium, magnesium and titanium showed weak onhidrotic action but calcium chloride when applied alone induced slight properspirancy, Human volunteer work using thermal sweating on the dorsal trunk region and emotional in the oxilla suggested that calcium had little or no statistically significant effect on the antiperspirancy of aluminium chlorydrate, but if applied alone exerted, a slight prospirant action in some individuals. However, when sweating was induced by intradermally administered methacholine in the forearm and dorsal trunk, calcium was found to antagonise aluminium anhidrosis and to exert significant properspirancy. The antiperspirant compounds that had previously been found effective in the rat, were tested for their ability to precipitate egg protein at various pH values. It was found that lanthanum, the most effective antiperspirant in the rat model, was also the most effective agent for protein precipitation. Other valent ions and zirconium also produced varying degrees of precipitation. However, divalent ions were totally ineffective. Addition of calcium or magnesium salts in combination with the antiperspirant, increased the amount of precipitated protein significantly. Aluminium chlorhydrate, lanthanum chloride and zirconium oxychloride treated and untreated rat sweat glands were studied using various staining techniques for light and electron microscopy. Untreated human skin sections were examined using only light microscopy. It is proposed that aluminium and other polyvalent cations exert their antiperspirant action by interfering with ductal sodium reabsorption in the lower sweat duct.","abstract_html":"The aim of this investigation was to elucidate the mechanism by which aluminium and other polyvalent cations reduce sweat output of human and rat eccrine sweat glands. It was shown that sweating in rat plantar eccrine sweat glands could be induced in the anaesthetized animal by systemic administration of carbachol (0,0025-2500 ug/kg) or by local intradermal administration (0.75 µg in 0,01 ml of isotonic saline) of carbachol and methacholine and also by localised heat stress, These effects could all be reduced or abolished by prior administration of atropine ( 100 - 750 ug/kg). Systematically administered isoprenaline (400 µg/kg) was found to be more effective than either adrenaline or noradrenaline at the same dose level in promoting sweating in the foot pads, This effect could be reduced by prior administration of propanolol (800ug/kg). Similar results were obtained with isolated rat sweat gland prepa­rations which produced sweat following administration of carbachol (2 x 10-5) or methacholine (2 x 10-5). These responses were abolished by calcium lack in the bathing medium and atropine (l-5 x 10-5) administration. Aluminium chlorhydrate applied topically to the rat foot pad in concentrations of l to 25% w/v and pH 1.00 - 4,60 was found to be an effective antiperspirant. Lanthanum chloride was found to be more effective on an ionic basis than either aluninium chlorhydrate or zirconium oxychloride, The anhidrotic effect of these three compounds was antagonised by simultaneous application of a range of concentrations of calcium chloride solutions. Other ions studied, e.g. chromium, ferric, barium, magnesium and titanium showed weak onhidrotic action but calcium chloride when applied alone induced slight properspirancy, Human volunteer work using thermal sweating on the dorsal trunk region and emotional in the oxilla suggested that calcium had little or no statistically significant effect on the antiperspirancy of aluminium chlorydrate, but if applied alone exerted, a slight prospirant action in some individuals. However, when sweating was induced by intradermally administered methacholine in the forearm and dorsal trunk, calcium was found to antagonise aluminium anhidrosis and to exert significant properspirancy. The antiperspirant compounds that had previously been found effective in the rat, were tested for their ability to precipitate egg protein at various pH values. It was found that lanthanum, the most effective antiperspirant in the rat model, was also the most effective agent for protein precipitation. Other valent ions and zirconium also produced varying degrees of precipitation. However, divalent ions were totally ineffective. Addition of calcium or magnesium salts in combination with the antiperspirant, increased the amount of precipitated protein significantly. Aluminium chlorhydrate, lanthanum chloride and zirconium oxychloride treated and untreated rat sweat glands were studied using various staining techniques for light and electron microscopy. Untreated human skin sections were examined using only light microscopy. It is proposed that aluminium and other polyvalent cations exert their antiperspirant action by interfering with ductal sodium reabsorption in the lower sweat duct.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["MICHNIAK, BOZENA B."],"institution":"De Montfort University","degree_name":"PhD","degree_level":"Doctoral","degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":1980,"date_issued":"1980-12","date_published":"1980-12","updated_at":"2026-07-24T06:18:49Z","subjects":[],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":["https://dora.dmu.ac.uk/bitstreams/adb8bc31-e031-407b-80bc-57ddb7e85e9a/download"],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":null,"outbound_label":null,"outbound_source":null},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["MICHNIAK, BOZENA B."]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["1980-12"]},{"key":"dc:publisher.department","label":"Dc Publisher Department","values":["Faculty of Health and Life Sciences"]},{"key":"dc:publisher.institution","label":"Dc Publisher Institution","values":["De Montfort University"]},{"key":"dc:relation.isreferencedby","label":"Dc Relation Isreferencedby","values":["https://hdl.handle.net/2086/25033"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis or dissertation"]},{"key":"dc:type.qualificationlevel","label":"Dc Type Qualificationlevel","values":["Doctoral"]},{"key":"dc:type.qualificationname","label":"Dc Type Qualificationname","values":["PhD"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["https://dora.dmu.ac.uk/bitstreams/adb8bc31-e031-407b-80bc-57ddb7e85e9a/download"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["https://dora.dmu.ac.uk/bitstreams/ce166487-6709-4359-82f9-97f0729ab077/download"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The aim of this investigation was to elucidate the mechanism by which aluminium and other polyvalent cations reduce sweat output of human and rat eccrine sweat glands. It was shown that sweating in rat plantar eccrine sweat glands could be induced in the anaesthetized animal by systemic administration of carbachol (0,0025-2500 ug/kg) or by local intradermal administration (0.75 µg in 0,01 ml of isotonic saline) of carbachol and methacholine and also by localised heat stress, These effects could all be reduced or abolished by prior administration of atropine ( 100 - 750 ug/kg). Systematically administered isoprenaline (400 µg/kg) was found to be more effective than either adrenaline or noradrenaline at the same dose level in promoting sweating in the foot pads, This effect could be reduced by prior administration of propanolol (800ug/kg). Similar results were obtained with isolated rat sweat gland prepa­rations which produced sweat following administration of carbachol (2 x 10-5) or methacholine (2 x 10-5). These responses were abolished by calcium lack in the bathing medium and atropine (l-5 x 10-5) administration. Aluminium chlorhydrate applied topically to the rat foot pad in concentrations of l to 25% w/v and pH 1.00 - 4,60 was found to be an effective antiperspirant. Lanthanum chloride was found to be more effective on an ionic basis than either aluninium chlorhydrate or zirconium oxychloride, The anhidrotic effect of these three compounds was antagonised by simultaneous application of a range of concentrations of calcium chloride solutions. Other ions studied, e.g. chromium, ferric, barium, magnesium and titanium showed weak onhidrotic action but calcium chloride when applied alone induced slight properspirancy, Human volunteer work using thermal sweating on the dorsal trunk region and emotional in the oxilla suggested that calcium had little or no statistically significant effect on the antiperspirancy of aluminium chlorydrate, but if applied alone exerted, a slight prospirant action in some individuals. However, when sweating was induced by intradermally administered methacholine in the forearm and dorsal trunk, calcium was found to antagonise aluminium anhidrosis and to exert significant properspirancy. The antiperspirant compounds that had previously been found effective in the rat, were tested for their ability to precipitate egg protein at various pH values. It was found that lanthanum, the most effective antiperspirant in the rat model, was also the most effective agent for protein precipitation. Other valent ions and zirconium also produced varying degrees of precipitation. However, divalent ions were totally ineffective. Addition of calcium or magnesium salts in combination with the antiperspirant, increased the amount of precipitated protein significantly. Aluminium chlorhydrate, lanthanum chloride and zirconium oxychloride treated and untreated rat sweat glands were studied using various staining techniques for light and electron microscopy. 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Aluminium chlorhydrate applied topically to the rat foot pad in concentrations of l to 25% w/v and pH 1.00 - 4,60 was found to be an effective antiperspirant. Lanthanum chloride was found to be more effective on an ionic basis than either aluninium chlorhydrate or zirconium oxychloride, The anhidrotic effect of these three compounds was antagonised by simultaneous application of a range of concentrations of calcium chloride solutions. Other ions studied, e.g. chromium, ferric, barium, magnesium and titanium showed weak onhidrotic action but calcium chloride when applied alone induced slight properspirancy, Human volunteer work using thermal sweating on the dorsal trunk region and emotional in the oxilla suggested that calcium had little or no statistically significant effect on the antiperspirancy of aluminium chlorydrate, but if applied alone exerted, a slight prospirant action in some individuals. However, when sweating was induced by intradermally administered methacholine in the forearm and dorsal trunk, calcium was found to antagonise aluminium anhidrosis and to exert significant properspirancy. The antiperspirant compounds that had previously been found effective in the rat, were tested for their ability to precipitate egg protein at various pH values. It was found that lanthanum, the most effective antiperspirant in the rat model, was also the most effective agent for protein precipitation. Other valent ions and zirconium also produced varying degrees of precipitation. However, divalent ions were totally ineffective. Addition of calcium or magnesium salts in combination with the antiperspirant, increased the amount of precipitated protein significantly. Aluminium chlorhydrate, lanthanum chloride and zirconium oxychloride treated and untreated rat sweat glands were studied using various staining techniques for light and electron microscopy. 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