{"id":{"repo_id":"creighton","oai_identifier":"oai:cdr.creighton.edu:10504/68742"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/creighton/oai:cdr.creighton.edu:10504/68742","repository":{"repo_id":"creighton","name":"Creighton University","base_url":"https://cdr.creighton.edu/server/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Preparation, Characterization, and In Vitro Evaluation of Multiple Emulsion for Topical Application of Lawsone and Dihydroxyacetone","abstract":"Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is the primary ingredient in most sunless tanners. Lawsone is a primary component of red henna, used in henna tattooing and reversed tattooing. DHA initiates a reaction called the Maillard reaction which results in the browning of the skin. Application of lawsone results in the production of colored keratin-bound fluorescent polymers called melanoidins. DHA alone gives some protection in the UVA spectrum, with minimal UVB. When lawsone is applied after the application of DHA, a different set of melanoidins are produced, giving UVB and even greater UVA protection. |In this study, a multiple emulsion (W1/O/W2) containing 0.035% (w/w) lawsone and 1% (w/w) DHA were prepared using the two step process by Matsumoto et al. The first step was the production of the primary (W1/O) emulsion. The primary emulsion, making up 40% of the final volume of the emulsion, was then added to the secondary aqueous phase (W2). A combination emulsion was prepared by combining doubled concentrations of lawsone and DHA multiple emulsions (W1/O/W2) in a 1:1 ratio through trituration. The structure of the multiple emulsions was determined by light and fluorescent microscopy. The stability of the prepared emulsions was characterized after storage at 25˚C, 32˚C, and 40˚C and over a period of 28 days. DHA and DHA in combination showed a significant decrease in % entrapment efficiency to 37.41 ± 6.03% and 5.41 ± 3.82% after 28 at 40˚C, showing physical/ chemical instability of emulsions at increased temperature. Chemical instability of the emulsions was confirmed by varying decrease in pH at 32˚C and 40˚C of DHA emulsion and combination emulsion. Structural instability of emulsions at 40˚C was confirmed by increase of zeta potential and rheological tests using flow and oscillatory stress/time sweeps. No significant changes in particle size suggest no coalescence occurring. Spreadability remained within the range of ≈ 20 cm²/g to 35cm²/g respectively. Characterization testing suggest the stability of lawsone and DHA emulsions were best when kept separate at 25˚C. In vitro surface release and Franz diffusion studies verified and confirmed drug release were more effective when lawsone and DHA emulsions were kept separate.","abstract_html":"Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is the primary ingredient in most sunless tanners. Lawsone is a primary component of red henna, used in henna tattooing and reversed tattooing. DHA initiates a reaction called the Maillard reaction which results in the browning of the skin. Application of lawsone results in the production of colored keratin-bound fluorescent polymers called melanoidins. DHA alone gives some protection in the UVA spectrum, with minimal UVB. When lawsone is applied after the application of DHA, a different set of melanoidins are produced, giving UVB and even greater UVA protection. |In this study, a multiple emulsion (W1/O/W2) containing 0.035% (w/w) lawsone and 1% (w/w) DHA were prepared using the two step process by Matsumoto et al. The first step was the production of the primary (W1/O) emulsion. The primary emulsion, making up 40% of the final volume of the emulsion, was then added to the secondary aqueous phase (W2). A combination emulsion was prepared by combining doubled concentrations of lawsone and DHA multiple emulsions (W1/O/W2) in a 1:1 ratio through trituration. The structure of the multiple emulsions was determined by light and fluorescent microscopy. The stability of the prepared emulsions was characterized after storage at 25˚C, 32˚C, and 40˚C and over a period of 28 days. DHA and DHA in combination showed a significant decrease in % entrapment efficiency to 37.41 ± 6.03% and 5.41 ± 3.82% after 28 at 40˚C, showing physical/ chemical instability of emulsions at increased temperature. Chemical instability of the emulsions was confirmed by varying decrease in pH at 32˚C and 40˚C of DHA emulsion and combination emulsion. Structural instability of emulsions at 40˚C was confirmed by increase of zeta potential and rheological tests using flow and oscillatory stress/time sweeps. No significant changes in particle size suggest no coalescence occurring. Spreadability remained within the range of ≈ 20 cm²/g to 35cm²/g respectively. Characterization testing suggest the stability of lawsone and DHA emulsions were best when kept separate at 25˚C. In vitro surface release and Franz diffusion studies verified and confirmed drug release were more effective when lawsone and DHA emulsions were kept separate.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Grana, Anne"],"institution":"Creighton University","degree_name":null,"degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":["Dash, Alekha K."],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2015,"date_issued":"2015-05-13","date_published":"2015-05-13","updated_at":"2026-07-24T01:50:24Z","subjects":[],"languages":["en_US"],"rights":["Copyright is retained by the Author. A non-exclusive distribution right is granted to Creighton University and to ProQuest following the publishing model selected above."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10504/68742","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.advisor","label":"Advisor","values":["Dash, Alekha K."]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Grana, Anne"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2015-05-14T13:49:34Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2015-05-15T08:40:06Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2015-05-13"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Creighton University"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language.iso","label":"Language (ISO)","values":["en_US"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright is retained by the Author. 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When lawsone is applied after the application of DHA, a different set of melanoidins are produced, giving UVB and even greater UVA protection. |In this study, a multiple emulsion (W1/O/W2) containing 0.035% (w/w) lawsone and 1% (w/w) DHA were prepared using the two step process by Matsumoto et al. The first step was the production of the primary (W1/O) emulsion. The primary emulsion, making up 40% of the final volume of the emulsion, was then added to the secondary aqueous phase (W2). A combination emulsion was prepared by combining doubled concentrations of lawsone and DHA multiple emulsions (W1/O/W2) in a 1:1 ratio through trituration. The structure of the multiple emulsions was determined by light and fluorescent microscopy. The stability of the prepared emulsions was characterized after storage at 25˚C, 32˚C, and 40˚C and over a period of 28 days. DHA and DHA in combination showed a significant decrease in % entrapment efficiency to 37.41 ± 6.03% and 5.41 ± 3.82% after 28 at 40˚C, showing physical/ chemical instability of emulsions at increased temperature. Chemical instability of the emulsions was confirmed by varying decrease in pH at 32˚C and 40˚C of DHA emulsion and combination emulsion. Structural instability of emulsions at 40˚C was confirmed by increase of zeta potential and rheological tests using flow and oscillatory stress/time sweeps. No significant changes in particle size suggest no coalescence occurring. Spreadability remained within the range of ≈ 20 cm²/g to 35cm²/g respectively. Characterization testing suggest the stability of lawsone and DHA emulsions were best when kept separate at 25˚C. In vitro surface release and Franz diffusion studies verified and confirmed drug release were more effective when lawsone and DHA emulsions were kept separate."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Preparation, Characterization, and In Vitro Evaluation of Multiple Emulsion for Topical Application of Lawsone and Dihydroxyacetone"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.advisor":["Dash, Alekha K."],"dc:creator":["Grana, Anne"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2015-05-14T13:49:34Z"],"dc:date.available":["2015-05-15T08:40:06Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2015-05-13"],"dc:description.abstract":["Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is the primary ingredient in most sunless tanners. Lawsone is a primary component of red henna, used in henna tattooing and reversed tattooing. DHA initiates a reaction called the Maillard reaction which results in the browning of the skin. Application of lawsone results in the production of colored keratin-bound fluorescent polymers called melanoidins. DHA alone gives some protection in the UVA spectrum, with minimal UVB. When lawsone is applied after the application of DHA, a different set of melanoidins are produced, giving UVB and even greater UVA protection. |In this study, a multiple emulsion (W1/O/W2) containing 0.035% (w/w) lawsone and 1% (w/w) DHA were prepared using the two step process by Matsumoto et al. The first step was the production of the primary (W1/O) emulsion. The primary emulsion, making up 40% of the final volume of the emulsion, was then added to the secondary aqueous phase (W2). A combination emulsion was prepared by combining doubled concentrations of lawsone and DHA multiple emulsions (W1/O/W2) in a 1:1 ratio through trituration. The structure of the multiple emulsions was determined by light and fluorescent microscopy. The stability of the prepared emulsions was characterized after storage at 25˚C, 32˚C, and 40˚C and over a period of 28 days. DHA and DHA in combination showed a significant decrease in % entrapment efficiency to 37.41 ± 6.03% and 5.41 ± 3.82% after 28 at 40˚C, showing physical/ chemical instability of emulsions at increased temperature. Chemical instability of the emulsions was confirmed by varying decrease in pH at 32˚C and 40˚C of DHA emulsion and combination emulsion. Structural instability of emulsions at 40˚C was confirmed by increase of zeta potential and rheological tests using flow and oscillatory stress/time sweeps. No significant changes in particle size suggest no coalescence occurring. Spreadability remained within the range of ≈ 20 cm²/g to 35cm²/g respectively. Characterization testing suggest the stability of lawsone and DHA emulsions were best when kept separate at 25˚C. In vitro surface release and Franz diffusion studies verified and confirmed drug release were more effective when lawsone and DHA emulsions were kept separate."],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/10504/68742"],"dc:language.iso":["en_US"],"dc:publisher":["Creighton University"],"dc:rights":["Copyright is retained by the Author. A non-exclusive distribution right is granted to Creighton University and to ProQuest following the publishing model selected above."],"dc:title":["Preparation, Characterization, and In Vitro Evaluation of Multiple Emulsion for Topical Application of Lawsone and Dihydroxyacetone"],"dc:type":["Thesis"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T01:50:24Z"}