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This dissertation contributes evidence in support of these objectives, applying tools and frameworks from the economic development field to global challenges of biodiversity loss and climate change. Manuscript 1 outlines a framework for integrated conservation and development programming rooted in complex systems thinking, Green Market Systems Development, drawing on the lessons from Manuscript 2 and a wider collaboration between practitioners in both fields. Manuscript 2 features an evaluation of livelihoods programming in conservation projects, comparing the approaches of recent projects funded through the UK government's Darwin Initiative and Illegal Wildlife Trade Challenge Fund with the gold standard of \"Market Systems Development\" programming in the economic development field. We find most conservation projects to adopt outdated models of direct aid delivery that fall short of best practice in the economic development sector. 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