The COVID-19 pandemic left an indelible mark on the well-being of individuals and communities worldwide. More than 6.7 million people lost their lives to COVID-19 within the first three years, and countless others have died because of COVID-19 related matters. As the scientific community continues to grapple with the multifaceted repercussions of the virus, gaining a full understanding of predictors for poor COVID-19 health outcomes is critical. The purpose of these single-center retrospective cohort studies is to explore the association between health insurance type, community economic wellness, and two health outcomes (length of stay and mortality). Data from adult patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 at a community hospital in eastern Los Angeles County and western San Bernardino County, California between March 9, 2020, and April 30, 2021, were used in the logistic and zero truncated negative binominal regression analyses. The results from the trilogy of studies showed that insurance type was not an independent predictive measure in inpatient mortality. Medicaid patients with COVID-19 did not have higher odds of mortality compared to patients covered by private insurance policies or Medicare. There was also no significant difference in odds of death between inpatients with managed care coverage compared to those with traditional fee-for-service insurance plans. Although there were some statistically significant differences in average length of stay between insurance types, the difference in length of stay between each insurance type was minimal. Overall, insurance type was not associated with length of stay after adjusting for covariates among inpatients discharged alive. Community deprivation was significantly associated with increased odds of COVID-19 inpatient mortality in the univariate analysis. However, after adjusting for individua-level covariates, community deprivation was no longer an independent predictor. The lack of meaningful association between insurance type and COVID-19 inpatient outcomes carry important political and policy implications for future research and discussion on health system reform.
","abstract_html":"<p>The COVID-19 pandemic left an indelible mark on the well-being of individuals and communities worldwide. More than 6.7 million people lost their lives to COVID-19 within the first three years, and countless others have died because of COVID-19 related matters. As the scientific community continues to grapple with the multifaceted repercussions of the virus, gaining a full understanding of predictors for poor COVID-19 health outcomes is critical. The purpose of these single-center retrospective cohort studies is to explore the association between health insurance type, community economic wellness, and two health outcomes (length of stay and mortality). Data from adult patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 at a community hospital in eastern Los Angeles County and western San Bernardino County, California between March 9, 2020, and April 30, 2021, were used in the logistic and zero truncated negative binominal regression analyses. The results from the trilogy of studies showed that insurance type was not an independent predictive measure in inpatient mortality. Medicaid patients with COVID-19 did not have higher odds of mortality compared to patients covered by private insurance policies or Medicare. There was also no significant difference in odds of death between inpatients with managed care coverage compared to those with traditional fee-for-service insurance plans. Although there were some statistically significant differences in average length of stay between insurance types, the difference in length of stay between each insurance type was minimal. Overall, insurance type was not associated with length of stay after adjusting for covariates among inpatients discharged alive. Community deprivation was significantly associated with increased odds of COVID-19 inpatient mortality in the univariate analysis. However, after adjusting for individua-level covariates, community deprivation was no longer an independent predictor. The lack of meaningful association between insurance type and COVID-19 inpatient outcomes carry important political and policy implications for future research and discussion on health system reform.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Ogata, Pamela"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Health Promotion Sciences, PhD","degree_level":"Restricted to Claremont Colleges Dissertation","degree_discipline":"School of Community and Global Health","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Bin Xie","Frederick Lynch","Daniel Gluckstein"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2028,"date_issued":"2028-01-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2028-01-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T01:41:17Z","subjects":["Community hospital","COVID-19","Health insurance","Length of stay","Mortality","Epidemiology"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/1061","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Bin Xie","Frederick Lynch","Daniel Gluckstein"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Ogata, Pamela"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2030-11-24T08:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["School of Community and Global Health"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Restricted to Claremont Colleges Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Health Promotion Sciences, PhD"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Community hospital","COVID-19","Health insurance","Length of stay","Mortality","Epidemiology"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/1061"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The COVID-19 pandemic left an indelible mark on the well-being of individuals and communities worldwide. More than 6.7 million people lost their lives to COVID-19 within the first three years, and countless others have died because of COVID-19 related matters. As the scientific community continues to grapple with the multifaceted repercussions of the virus, gaining a full understanding of predictors for poor COVID-19 health outcomes is critical. The purpose of these single-center retrospective cohort studies is to explore the association between health insurance type, community economic wellness, and two health outcomes (length of stay and mortality). Data from adult patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 at a community hospital in eastern Los Angeles County and western San Bernardino County, California between March 9, 2020, and April 30, 2021, were used in the logistic and zero truncated negative binominal regression analyses. The results from the trilogy of studies showed that insurance type was not an independent predictive measure in inpatient mortality. Medicaid patients with COVID-19 did not have higher odds of mortality compared to patients covered by private insurance policies or Medicare. There was also no significant difference in odds of death between inpatients with managed care coverage compared to those with traditional fee-for-service insurance plans. Although there were some statistically significant differences in average length of stay between insurance types, the difference in length of stay between each insurance type was minimal. Overall, insurance type was not associated with length of stay after adjusting for covariates among inpatients discharged alive. Community deprivation was significantly associated with increased odds of COVID-19 inpatient mortality in the univariate analysis. However, after adjusting for individua-level covariates, community deprivation was no longer an independent predictor. The lack of meaningful association between insurance type and COVID-19 inpatient outcomes carry important political and policy implications for future research and discussion on health system reform.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Health and Wealth: Relationship Between Unexplored Economic Factors and COVID-19 Inpatient Health Outcomes"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Bin Xie","Frederick Lynch","Daniel Gluckstein"],"dc:creator":["Ogata, Pamela"],"dc:date.available":["2030-11-24T08:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["The COVID-19 pandemic left an indelible mark on the well-being of individuals and communities worldwide. More than 6.7 million people lost their lives to COVID-19 within the first three years, and countless others have died because of COVID-19 related matters. As the scientific community continues to grapple with the multifaceted repercussions of the virus, gaining a full understanding of predictors for poor COVID-19 health outcomes is critical. The purpose of these single-center retrospective cohort studies is to explore the association between health insurance type, community economic wellness, and two health outcomes (length of stay and mortality). Data from adult patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 at a community hospital in eastern Los Angeles County and western San Bernardino County, California between March 9, 2020, and April 30, 2021, were used in the logistic and zero truncated negative binominal regression analyses. The results from the trilogy of studies showed that insurance type was not an independent predictive measure in inpatient mortality. Medicaid patients with COVID-19 did not have higher odds of mortality compared to patients covered by private insurance policies or Medicare. There was also no significant difference in odds of death between inpatients with managed care coverage compared to those with traditional fee-for-service insurance plans. Although there were some statistically significant differences in average length of stay between insurance types, the difference in length of stay between each insurance type was minimal. Overall, insurance type was not associated with length of stay after adjusting for covariates among inpatients discharged alive. Community deprivation was significantly associated with increased odds of COVID-19 inpatient mortality in the univariate analysis. However, after adjusting for individua-level covariates, community deprivation was no longer an independent predictor. The lack of meaningful association between insurance type and COVID-19 inpatient outcomes carry important political and policy implications for future research and discussion on health system reform.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/1061"],"dc:subject":["Community hospital","COVID-19","Health insurance","Length of stay","Mortality","Epidemiology"],"dc:title":["Health and Wealth: Relationship Between Unexplored Economic Factors and COVID-19 Inpatient Health Outcomes"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["School of Community and Global Health"],"thesis:degree_level":["Restricted to Claremont Colleges Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Health Promotion Sciences, PhD"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T01:41:17Z"}