Introduction: Drug prices are a significant problem for the US healthcare system. Generic and biosimilar market competition reduces drug and biologic prices, results in substantial savings, and improves patient access and outcomes. As the costs of healthcare and prescription drugs continue to rise, the discussion about drug prices has taken a prominent place at the forefront of national discourse. This study assessed impacting trends in prices of generic, biosimilar, and reference products in the US. We also evaluated the effect of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 on biologic prices.
Methods: We extracted a list of the new generic drugs approved by the FDA from January 2013 to December 2018 from the FDA website and the acquisition cost from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) National Average Drug Acquisition Cost (NADAC) database. We extracted a list of biosimilar products approved by the FDA as of September 2021 from the FDA website and Average Sales Price (ASP) from the 1st quarter of 2005 to the 3rd quarter of 2021 from the CMS website database. We segmented the data using inflection point detection and conducted piecewise linear regression to find differences in the trends for the segments defined by the inflection points. We used R Project for Statistical Computing version 3.6.1 for the analysis.
Results:The median generic prices at market entry represented 65.7% of the brand prices and 26.0% three years after generic entry. The median reference drug prices increased by 1.0% per month in the pre-generic period, remained constant in the generic entry period (3 months before to 6 months after generic entry), and increased by 0.4% per month in the post-generic period. Biosimilar prices represented 75% of the reference biologic prices at market entry. The median prices of reference biologics declined after biosimilar competition, while the prices of biologics without competition increased (94.5 vs. 163.6, p
Conclusions: Market competition significantly reduced drug and biologic prices and affected the price trends of reference products. The prices of drug and biologic reference products decreased after biosimilar market entry. Prices of biologics significantly increased after the implementation of the ACA.
","abstract_html":"<p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Drug prices are a significant problem for the US healthcare system. Generic and biosimilar market competition reduces drug and biologic prices, results in substantial savings, and improves patient access and outcomes. As the costs of healthcare and prescription drugs continue to rise, the discussion about drug prices has taken a prominent place at the forefront of national discourse. This study assessed impacting trends in prices of generic, biosimilar, and reference products in the US. We also evaluated the effect of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 on biologic prices.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We extracted a list of the new generic drugs approved by the FDA from January 2013 to December 2018 from the FDA website and the acquisition cost from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) National Average Drug Acquisition Cost (NADAC) database. We extracted a list of biosimilar products approved by the FDA as of September 2021 from the FDA website and Average Sales Price (ASP) from the 1<sup>st</sup> quarter of 2005 to the 3<sup>rd </sup>quarter of 2021 from the CMS website database. We segmented the data using inflection point detection and conducted piecewise linear regression to find differences in the trends for the segments defined by the inflection points. We used R Project for Statistical Computing version 3.6.1 for the analysis.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong>The median generic prices at market entry represented 65.7% of the brand prices and 26.0% three years after generic entry. The median reference drug prices increased by 1.0% per month in the pre-generic period, remained constant in the generic entry period (3 months before to 6 months after generic entry), and increased by 0.4% per month in the post-generic period. Biosimilar prices represented 75% of the reference biologic prices at market entry. The median prices of reference biologics declined after biosimilar competition, while the prices of biologics without competition increased (94.5 vs. 163.6, p</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Market competition significantly reduced drug and biologic prices and affected the price trends of reference products. The prices of drug and biologic reference products decreased after biosimilar market entry. Prices of biologics significantly increased after the implementation of the ACA.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Jamjoom, Mohammed"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Pharmaceutical Sciences","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Enrique Seoane-Vazquez, Ph.D. Chair","Lawrence M. Brown, PharmD, Ph.D., FAPhA","Terence C. Burnham, Ph.D.","Cyril Rakovski, Ph.D."],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2023,"date_issued":"2023-05-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2023-05-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T01:38:31Z","subjects":["Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Economics","Pharmacy Administration, Policy and Regulation","Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/pharmaceutical_sciences_dissertations/25","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Enrique Seoane-Vazquez, Ph.D. Chair","Lawrence M. Brown, PharmD, Ph.D., FAPhA","Terence C. Burnham, Ph.D.","Cyril Rakovski, Ph.D."]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Jamjoom, Mohammed"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Pharmaceutical Sciences"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Economics","Pharmacy Administration, Policy and Regulation","Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/pharmaceutical_sciences_dissertations/25"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Introduction: Drug prices are a significant problem for the US healthcare system. Generic and biosimilar market competition reduces drug and biologic prices, results in substantial savings, and improves patient access and outcomes. As the costs of healthcare and prescription drugs continue to rise, the discussion about drug prices has taken a prominent place at the forefront of national discourse. This study assessed impacting trends in prices of generic, biosimilar, and reference products in the US. We also evaluated the effect of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 on biologic prices.
Methods: We extracted a list of the new generic drugs approved by the FDA from January 2013 to December 2018 from the FDA website and the acquisition cost from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) National Average Drug Acquisition Cost (NADAC) database. We extracted a list of biosimilar products approved by the FDA as of September 2021 from the FDA website and Average Sales Price (ASP) from the 1st quarter of 2005 to the 3rd quarter of 2021 from the CMS website database. We segmented the data using inflection point detection and conducted piecewise linear regression to find differences in the trends for the segments defined by the inflection points. We used R Project for Statistical Computing version 3.6.1 for the analysis.
Results:The median generic prices at market entry represented 65.7% of the brand prices and 26.0% three years after generic entry. The median reference drug prices increased by 1.0% per month in the pre-generic period, remained constant in the generic entry period (3 months before to 6 months after generic entry), and increased by 0.4% per month in the post-generic period. Biosimilar prices represented 75% of the reference biologic prices at market entry. The median prices of reference biologics declined after biosimilar competition, while the prices of biologics without competition increased (94.5 vs. 163.6, p
Conclusions: Market competition significantly reduced drug and biologic prices and affected the price trends of reference products. The prices of drug and biologic reference products decreased after biosimilar market entry. Prices of biologics significantly increased after the implementation of the ACA.
"]},{"key":"dc:source","label":"Dc Source","values":["Jamjoom, M. An Analysis of Trends of Generic Drugs and Biologic Prices in the U.S.. [dissertation]. Irvine, CA: Chapman University; 2023. https://doi.org/10.36837/chapman.000426"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["An Analysis of Trends of Generic Drugs and Biologic Prices in the U.S."]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Enrique Seoane-Vazquez, Ph.D. Chair","Lawrence M. Brown, PharmD, Ph.D., FAPhA","Terence C. Burnham, Ph.D.","Cyril Rakovski, Ph.D."],"dc:creator":["Jamjoom, Mohammed"],"dc:description.abstract":["Introduction: Drug prices are a significant problem for the US healthcare system. Generic and biosimilar market competition reduces drug and biologic prices, results in substantial savings, and improves patient access and outcomes. As the costs of healthcare and prescription drugs continue to rise, the discussion about drug prices has taken a prominent place at the forefront of national discourse. This study assessed impacting trends in prices of generic, biosimilar, and reference products in the US. We also evaluated the effect of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 on biologic prices.
Methods: We extracted a list of the new generic drugs approved by the FDA from January 2013 to December 2018 from the FDA website and the acquisition cost from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) National Average Drug Acquisition Cost (NADAC) database. We extracted a list of biosimilar products approved by the FDA as of September 2021 from the FDA website and Average Sales Price (ASP) from the 1st quarter of 2005 to the 3rd quarter of 2021 from the CMS website database. We segmented the data using inflection point detection and conducted piecewise linear regression to find differences in the trends for the segments defined by the inflection points. We used R Project for Statistical Computing version 3.6.1 for the analysis.
Results:The median generic prices at market entry represented 65.7% of the brand prices and 26.0% three years after generic entry. The median reference drug prices increased by 1.0% per month in the pre-generic period, remained constant in the generic entry period (3 months before to 6 months after generic entry), and increased by 0.4% per month in the post-generic period. Biosimilar prices represented 75% of the reference biologic prices at market entry. The median prices of reference biologics declined after biosimilar competition, while the prices of biologics without competition increased (94.5 vs. 163.6, p
Conclusions: Market competition significantly reduced drug and biologic prices and affected the price trends of reference products. The prices of drug and biologic reference products decreased after biosimilar market entry. Prices of biologics significantly increased after the implementation of the ACA.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/pharmaceutical_sciences_dissertations/25"],"dc:source":["Jamjoom, M. An Analysis of Trends of Generic Drugs and Biologic Prices in the U.S.. [dissertation]. Irvine, CA: Chapman University; 2023. https://doi.org/10.36837/chapman.000426"],"dc:subject":["Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Economics","Pharmacy Administration, Policy and Regulation","Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences"],"dc:title":["An Analysis of Trends of Generic Drugs and Biologic Prices in the U.S."],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Pharmaceutical Sciences"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T01:38:31Z"}