Bovine milk (BM)-based formula is an alternative for many newborns who do not consume human milk. BM contains extracellular vesicles (EVs), bioactive compounds involved in intercellular communication which regulate critical developmental processes in early life. It was hypothesized that the industrial processing of raw BM affected the content and composition of BM EVs. It is critical to understand how industrial processing affects EVs in BM since changes in the content and composition may attenuate the functions of these bioactive compounds in human health. EVs from raw BM were isolated and characterized in accordance with the Minimal Information for Studies of EVs (MISEV) criteria. Raw milk was subjected to homogenization and pasteurization (ultra-high-temperature, high-temperature short-time) treatments individually and in combination. Processed BM EVs were assessed for concentration, size, and protein and miRNA concentrations. All industrial processing treatments caused significant losses of EVs, when compared to the raw BM reference. The protein and miRNA concentrations adjusted for EV number were significantly higher only in the preheated homogenization group, possibly indicating that the remaining EVs had the highest protein and miRNA densities across all treatments. Industrial heat and homogenization treatments may select for specific populations of EVs, alter EV composition within the BM matrix, or affect the integrity of the EV membrane and macromolecular content within. While current efforts on infant formula development are focused on mimicking human milk, the possible loss of raw milk EVs during processing had not yet been addressed. This new foundational knowledge may contribute to future research on the preservation of EVs in processed dairy products, including infant formula, and narrowing the compositional gap with human milk.
","abstract_html":"<p>Bovine milk (BM)-based formula is an alternative for many newborns who do not consume human milk. BM contains extracellular vesicles (EVs), bioactive compounds involved in intercellular communication which regulate critical developmental processes in early life. It was hypothesized that the industrial processing of raw BM affected the content and composition of BM EVs. It is critical to understand how industrial processing affects EVs in BM since changes in the content and composition may attenuate the functions of these bioactive compounds in human health. EVs from raw BM were isolated and characterized in accordance with the Minimal Information for Studies of EVs (MISEV) criteria. Raw milk was subjected to homogenization and pasteurization (ultra-high-temperature, high-temperature short-time) treatments individually and in combination. Processed BM EVs were assessed for concentration, size, and protein and miRNA concentrations. All industrial processing treatments caused significant losses of EVs, when compared to the raw BM reference. The protein and miRNA concentrations adjusted for EV number were significantly higher only in the preheated homogenization group, possibly indicating that the remaining EVs had the highest protein and miRNA densities across all treatments. Industrial heat and homogenization treatments may select for specific populations of EVs, alter EV composition within the BM matrix, or affect the integrity of the EV membrane and macromolecular content within. While current efforts on infant formula development are focused on mimicking human milk, the possible loss of raw milk EVs during processing had not yet been addressed. This new foundational knowledge may contribute to future research on the preservation of EVs in processed dairy products, including infant formula, and narrowing the compositional gap with human milk.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Colella, Anna"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science (MS)","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Food Science","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["John Miklavcic","Anuradha Prakash","Haotian Zheng","Marco Bisoffi"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2021,"date_issued":"2021-08-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2021-08-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T01:38:16Z","subjects":["Cow’s Milk","Dairy","Exosome","Homogenization","Pasteurization","UHT","HTST","Food Processing","Human and Clinical Nutrition","Other Food Science"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/food_science_theses/22","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["John Miklavcic","Anuradha Prakash","Haotian Zheng","Marco Bisoffi"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Colella, Anna"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2022-02-15T08:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Food Science"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science (MS)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Cow’s Milk","Dairy","Exosome","Homogenization","Pasteurization","UHT","HTST","Food Processing","Human and Clinical Nutrition","Other Food Science"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/food_science_theses/22"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Bovine milk (BM)-based formula is an alternative for many newborns who do not consume human milk. BM contains extracellular vesicles (EVs), bioactive compounds involved in intercellular communication which regulate critical developmental processes in early life. It was hypothesized that the industrial processing of raw BM affected the content and composition of BM EVs. It is critical to understand how industrial processing affects EVs in BM since changes in the content and composition may attenuate the functions of these bioactive compounds in human health. EVs from raw BM were isolated and characterized in accordance with the Minimal Information for Studies of EVs (MISEV) criteria. Raw milk was subjected to homogenization and pasteurization (ultra-high-temperature, high-temperature short-time) treatments individually and in combination. Processed BM EVs were assessed for concentration, size, and protein and miRNA concentrations. All industrial processing treatments caused significant losses of EVs, when compared to the raw BM reference. The protein and miRNA concentrations adjusted for EV number were significantly higher only in the preheated homogenization group, possibly indicating that the remaining EVs had the highest protein and miRNA densities across all treatments. Industrial heat and homogenization treatments may select for specific populations of EVs, alter EV composition within the BM matrix, or affect the integrity of the EV membrane and macromolecular content within. While current efforts on infant formula development are focused on mimicking human milk, the possible loss of raw milk EVs during processing had not yet been addressed. This new foundational knowledge may contribute to future research on the preservation of EVs in processed dairy products, including infant formula, and narrowing the compositional gap with human milk.
"]},{"key":"dc:source","label":"Dc Source","values":["Colella, A.P. (2021). The impact of processing on the content and composition of bovine milk extracellular vesicles. Master's thesis, Chapman University. https://doi.org/10.36837/chapman.000309"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["The Impact of Processing on the Content and Composition of Bovine Milk Extracellular Vesicles"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["John Miklavcic","Anuradha Prakash","Haotian Zheng","Marco Bisoffi"],"dc:creator":["Colella, Anna"],"dc:date.available":["2022-02-15T08:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["Bovine milk (BM)-based formula is an alternative for many newborns who do not consume human milk. BM contains extracellular vesicles (EVs), bioactive compounds involved in intercellular communication which regulate critical developmental processes in early life. It was hypothesized that the industrial processing of raw BM affected the content and composition of BM EVs. It is critical to understand how industrial processing affects EVs in BM since changes in the content and composition may attenuate the functions of these bioactive compounds in human health. EVs from raw BM were isolated and characterized in accordance with the Minimal Information for Studies of EVs (MISEV) criteria. Raw milk was subjected to homogenization and pasteurization (ultra-high-temperature, high-temperature short-time) treatments individually and in combination. Processed BM EVs were assessed for concentration, size, and protein and miRNA concentrations. All industrial processing treatments caused significant losses of EVs, when compared to the raw BM reference. The protein and miRNA concentrations adjusted for EV number were significantly higher only in the preheated homogenization group, possibly indicating that the remaining EVs had the highest protein and miRNA densities across all treatments. Industrial heat and homogenization treatments may select for specific populations of EVs, alter EV composition within the BM matrix, or affect the integrity of the EV membrane and macromolecular content within. While current efforts on infant formula development are focused on mimicking human milk, the possible loss of raw milk EVs during processing had not yet been addressed. This new foundational knowledge may contribute to future research on the preservation of EVs in processed dairy products, including infant formula, and narrowing the compositional gap with human milk.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/food_science_theses/22"],"dc:source":["Colella, A.P. (2021). The impact of processing on the content and composition of bovine milk extracellular vesicles. Master's thesis, Chapman University. https://doi.org/10.36837/chapman.000309"],"dc:subject":["Cow’s Milk","Dairy","Exosome","Homogenization","Pasteurization","UHT","HTST","Food Processing","Human and Clinical Nutrition","Other Food Science"],"dc:title":["The Impact of Processing on the Content and Composition of Bovine Milk Extracellular Vesicles"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Food Science"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science (MS)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T01:38:16Z"}