American bison (Bison bison) meat is vulnerable to species substitution due to its high value and similar appearance to less expensive meats, such as beef from domestic cattle (Bos taurus). DNA barcoding of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene is a commonly used method to test for meat species mislabeling. However, due to historical hybridization between the American bison and domestic cattle, additional testing is required to confirm species. The objective of this study was to perform a market survey of products sold as bison meat and verify the species of each product using a combination of DNA barcoding and polymerase chain reaction-satellite fragment length polymorphism (PCR-SFLP). A total of 45 bison products were purchased from online retailers, national grocery chains, butchers, and restaurants. All samples underwent DNA barcoding and those that tested positive for cattle were further tested with PCRSFLP. Of the 45 samples tested using DNA barcoding, 41 were identified as bison, 1 was identified as red deer (Cervus elaphus) and 3 were positive for cattle. The results of PCR-SFLP confirmed the presence of cattle for 2 of the 3 samples identified as cattle with DNA barcoding. Overall, 3 of the 45 samples (6.7%) were determined to be mislabeled. This study revealed that additional testing of species with historical hybridization provides improved species identification results as compared to testing with DNA barcoding alone. However, further research is needed in identifying the effectiveness of PCR-SFLP for other hybrid species.
","abstract_html":"<p>American bison (<em>Bison bison</em>) meat is vulnerable to species substitution due to its high value and similar appearance to less expensive meats, such as beef from domestic cattle (<em>Bos taurus</em>). DNA barcoding of the cytochrome <em>c </em>oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene is a commonly used method to test for meat species mislabeling. However, due to historical hybridization between the American bison and domestic cattle, additional testing is required to confirm species. The objective of this study was to perform a market survey of products sold as bison meat and verify the species of each product using a combination of DNA barcoding and polymerase chain reaction-satellite fragment length polymorphism (PCR-SFLP). A total of 45 bison products were purchased from online retailers, national grocery chains, butchers, and restaurants. All samples underwent DNA barcoding and those that tested positive for cattle were further tested with PCRSFLP. Of the 45 samples tested using DNA barcoding, 41 were identified as bison, 1 was identified as red deer (<em>Cervus elaphus</em>) and 3 were positive for cattle. The results of PCR-SFLP confirmed the presence of cattle for 2 of the 3 samples identified as cattle with DNA barcoding. Overall, 3 of the 45 samples (6.7%) were determined to be mislabeled. This study revealed that additional testing of species with historical hybridization provides improved species identification results as compared to testing with DNA barcoding alone. However, further research is needed in identifying the effectiveness of PCR-SFLP for other hybrid species.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Scales, Zerika"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science (MS)","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Food Science","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Rosalee Hellberg, Ph.D.","Lilian Were, Ph.D.","Fred Caporaso, Ph.D."],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2020,"date_issued":"2020-05-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2020-05-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T01:38:09Z","subjects":["Other Food Science"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/food_science_theses/14","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Rosalee Hellberg, Ph.D.","Lilian Were, Ph.D.","Fred Caporaso, Ph.D."]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Scales, Zerika"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2002-01-01T08:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Food Science"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science (MS)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Other Food Science"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/food_science_theses/14"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["American bison (Bison bison) meat is vulnerable to species substitution due to its high value and similar appearance to less expensive meats, such as beef from domestic cattle (Bos taurus). DNA barcoding of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene is a commonly used method to test for meat species mislabeling. However, due to historical hybridization between the American bison and domestic cattle, additional testing is required to confirm species. The objective of this study was to perform a market survey of products sold as bison meat and verify the species of each product using a combination of DNA barcoding and polymerase chain reaction-satellite fragment length polymorphism (PCR-SFLP). A total of 45 bison products were purchased from online retailers, national grocery chains, butchers, and restaurants. All samples underwent DNA barcoding and those that tested positive for cattle were further tested with PCRSFLP. Of the 45 samples tested using DNA barcoding, 41 were identified as bison, 1 was identified as red deer (Cervus elaphus) and 3 were positive for cattle. The results of PCR-SFLP confirmed the presence of cattle for 2 of the 3 samples identified as cattle with DNA barcoding. Overall, 3 of the 45 samples (6.7%) were determined to be mislabeled. This study revealed that additional testing of species with historical hybridization provides improved species identification results as compared to testing with DNA barcoding alone. However, further research is needed in identifying the effectiveness of PCR-SFLP for other hybrid species.
"]},{"key":"dc:source","label":"Dc Source","values":["Scales, Z. (2020). Authentication of species in bison products using molecular methods. Master's thesis, Chapman University. https://doi.org/10.36837/chapman.000144"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Authentication of Species in Bison Products Using Molecular Methods"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Rosalee Hellberg, Ph.D.","Lilian Were, Ph.D.","Fred Caporaso, Ph.D."],"dc:creator":["Scales, Zerika"],"dc:date.available":["2002-01-01T08:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["American bison (Bison bison) meat is vulnerable to species substitution due to its high value and similar appearance to less expensive meats, such as beef from domestic cattle (Bos taurus). DNA barcoding of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene is a commonly used method to test for meat species mislabeling. However, due to historical hybridization between the American bison and domestic cattle, additional testing is required to confirm species. The objective of this study was to perform a market survey of products sold as bison meat and verify the species of each product using a combination of DNA barcoding and polymerase chain reaction-satellite fragment length polymorphism (PCR-SFLP). A total of 45 bison products were purchased from online retailers, national grocery chains, butchers, and restaurants. All samples underwent DNA barcoding and those that tested positive for cattle were further tested with PCRSFLP. Of the 45 samples tested using DNA barcoding, 41 were identified as bison, 1 was identified as red deer (Cervus elaphus) and 3 were positive for cattle. The results of PCR-SFLP confirmed the presence of cattle for 2 of the 3 samples identified as cattle with DNA barcoding. Overall, 3 of the 45 samples (6.7%) were determined to be mislabeled. This study revealed that additional testing of species with historical hybridization provides improved species identification results as compared to testing with DNA barcoding alone. However, further research is needed in identifying the effectiveness of PCR-SFLP for other hybrid species.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/food_science_theses/14"],"dc:source":["Scales, Z. (2020). Authentication of species in bison products using molecular methods. Master's thesis, Chapman University. https://doi.org/10.36837/chapman.000144"],"dc:subject":["Other Food Science"],"dc:title":["Authentication of Species in Bison Products Using Molecular Methods"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Food Science"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science (MS)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T01:38:09Z"}