{"id":{"repo_id":"central-wash","oai_identifier":"oai:digitalcommons.cwu.edu:etd-1929"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/central-wash/oai:digitalcommons.cwu.edu:etd-1929","repository":{"repo_id":"central-wash","name":"Central Washington University","base_url":"https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/do/oai/"},"display":{"title":"Variation in Past Counterfactual Constructions","abstract":"The two past counterfactual constructions under investigation in this study are the past counterfactual conditional (Type 3) and the past counterfactual <em>wish</em> complement clause (PCWCC). Each of these has both a standard and variant form. The verb in the standard forms is <em>had</em> + past participle; the verb in the variant forms is <em>would have</em> + past participle. Although reference books and textbooks acknowledge variant forms, generally describing them as informal or conversational, they have not received serious scrutiny. It was the goal of this study to see whether variant forms are currently common in usage and to understand more fully the contexts in which they appear. The study included a survey administered to college students between the ages of 18 and 25 and a search of data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English. Findings will be of use to researchers, teachers, and students interested in current usage patterns of English.","abstract_html":"The two past counterfactual constructions under investigation in this study are the past counterfactual conditional (Type 3) and the past counterfactual &lt;em&gt;wish&lt;/em&gt; complement clause (PCWCC). Each of these has both a standard and variant form. The verb in the standard forms is &lt;em&gt;had&lt;/em&gt; + past participle; the verb in the variant forms is &lt;em&gt;would have&lt;/em&gt; + past participle. Although reference books and textbooks acknowledge variant forms, generally describing them as informal or conversational, they have not received serious scrutiny. It was the goal of this study to see whether variant forms are currently common in usage and to understand more fully the contexts in which they appear. The study included a survey administered to college students between the ages of 18 and 25 and a search of data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English. Findings will be of use to researchers, teachers, and students interested in current usage patterns of English.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Zencak, Victoria"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Arts (MA)","degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":"TESOL","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Loretta Gray","Charles X. Li","Natalie Lefkowitz"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2018,"date_issued":"2018-01-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2018-01-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T01:37:15Z","subjects":["counterfactual","conditional","Type 3","would have","wish","variant","Anthropological Linguistics and Sociolinguistics","Applied Linguistics","Language Description and Documentation"],"languages":["English"],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd/916","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Loretta Gray","Charles X. 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Each of these has both a standard and variant form. The verb in the standard forms is <em>had</em> + past participle; the verb in the variant forms is <em>would have</em> + past participle. Although reference books and textbooks acknowledge variant forms, generally describing them as informal or conversational, they have not received serious scrutiny. It was the goal of this study to see whether variant forms are currently common in usage and to understand more fully the contexts in which they appear. The study included a survey administered to college students between the ages of 18 and 25 and a search of data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English. Findings will be of use to researchers, teachers, and students interested in current usage patterns of English."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Variation in Past Counterfactual Constructions"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Loretta Gray","Charles X. Li","Natalie Lefkowitz"],"dc:creator":["Zencak, Victoria"],"dc:date.available":["2018-06-05T07:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["The two past counterfactual constructions under investigation in this study are the past counterfactual conditional (Type 3) and the past counterfactual <em>wish</em> complement clause (PCWCC). Each of these has both a standard and variant form. The verb in the standard forms is <em>had</em> + past participle; the verb in the variant forms is <em>would have</em> + past participle. Although reference books and textbooks acknowledge variant forms, generally describing them as informal or conversational, they have not received serious scrutiny. It was the goal of this study to see whether variant forms are currently common in usage and to understand more fully the contexts in which they appear. The study included a survey administered to college students between the ages of 18 and 25 and a search of data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English. Findings will be of use to researchers, teachers, and students interested in current usage patterns of English."],"dc:identifier":["https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd/916"],"dc:language":["English"],"dc:subject":["counterfactual","conditional","Type 3","would have","wish","variant","Anthropological Linguistics and Sociolinguistics","Applied Linguistics","Language Description and Documentation"],"dc:title":["Variation in Past Counterfactual Constructions"],"dc:type":["Text"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["TESOL"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Arts (MA)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T01:37:15Z"}