{"id":{"repo_id":"central-wash","oai_identifier":"oai:digitalcommons.cwu.edu:etd-1642"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/central-wash/oai:digitalcommons.cwu.edu:etd-1642","repository":{"repo_id":"central-wash","name":"Central Washington University","base_url":"https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/do/oai/"},"display":{"title":"Mother-Infant Interactions in a Free-Ranging Population of Pigtail Macaques (Macaca nemestrina)","abstract":"The Southern pigtail macaque (<em>Macaca nemestrina</em>) is an understudied species in the Cercopithecidae family distributed in Southeast Asia. In this field study, I focused on interactions of Southern pigtail macaques to better understand mother-infant relationships. I observed five to six mother-infant dyads from April 2016 to September 2016 in the Segari Melintang Forest Reserve, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. I used focal sampling methods to score mother and infant behaviors from two ethograms. I hypothesized that as infant age increased, mother and infant behaviors seen to be important in pigtail macaque mother-infant captive studies, would change over time. As infant age increased, mother permissive behaviors and mother-infant contact duration showed significant negative correlations. A GLMM of mother permissive behavior as the outcome variable only showed infant age as a significant predictor variable. From the infant’s perspective, as infants increased in age, mother-infant contact duration showed a significant negative correlation, while mother-directed vocalizations showed no association. A GLMM of mother-infant contact duration as the outcome variable showed only infant age as a significant predictor variable. Infants made more breaks in the mother-infant dyad between 100-350 days of age. Adult females and juveniles were significantly more likely to be within 1-5 m proximity of mothers as infants aged. These data show that mother permissive behavior, mother-infant contact duration and proximity are crucial elements to consider when examining wild pigtail macaque mother-infant relationships and infant independence.","abstract_html":"The Southern pigtail macaque (&lt;em&gt;Macaca nemestrina&lt;/em&gt;) is an understudied species in the Cercopithecidae family distributed in Southeast Asia. In this field study, I focused on interactions of Southern pigtail macaques to better understand mother-infant relationships. I observed five to six mother-infant dyads from April 2016 to September 2016 in the Segari Melintang Forest Reserve, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. I used focal sampling methods to score mother and infant behaviors from two ethograms. I hypothesized that as infant age increased, mother and infant behaviors seen to be important in pigtail macaque mother-infant captive studies, would change over time. As infant age increased, mother permissive behaviors and mother-infant contact duration showed significant negative correlations. A GLMM of mother permissive behavior as the outcome variable only showed infant age as a significant predictor variable. From the infant’s perspective, as infants increased in age, mother-infant contact duration showed a significant negative correlation, while mother-directed vocalizations showed no association. A GLMM of mother-infant contact duration as the outcome variable showed only infant age as a significant predictor variable. Infants made more breaks in the mother-infant dyad between 100-350 days of age. Adult females and juveniles were significantly more likely to be within 1-5 m proximity of mothers as infants aged. These data show that mother permissive behavior, mother-infant contact duration and proximity are crucial elements to consider when examining wild pigtail macaque mother-infant relationships and infant independence.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Dura, Emily"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science (MS)","degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":"Primate Behavior","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Lori K. Sheeran","Mary Radeke","Nadine Ruppert"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2017,"date_issued":"2017-01-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2017-01-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T01:37:04Z","subjects":["mother-infant","pigtail","macaque","permissive","proximity","behavior","Animal Studies","Social and Behavioral Sciences"],"languages":["English"],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd/632","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Lori K. 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In this field study, I focused on interactions of Southern pigtail macaques to better understand mother-infant relationships. I observed five to six mother-infant dyads from April 2016 to September 2016 in the Segari Melintang Forest Reserve, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. I used focal sampling methods to score mother and infant behaviors from two ethograms. I hypothesized that as infant age increased, mother and infant behaviors seen to be important in pigtail macaque mother-infant captive studies, would change over time. As infant age increased, mother permissive behaviors and mother-infant contact duration showed significant negative correlations. A GLMM of mother permissive behavior as the outcome variable only showed infant age as a significant predictor variable. From the infant’s perspective, as infants increased in age, mother-infant contact duration showed a significant negative correlation, while mother-directed vocalizations showed no association. A GLMM of mother-infant contact duration as the outcome variable showed only infant age as a significant predictor variable. Infants made more breaks in the mother-infant dyad between 100-350 days of age. Adult females and juveniles were significantly more likely to be within 1-5 m proximity of mothers as infants aged. These data show that mother permissive behavior, mother-infant contact duration and proximity are crucial elements to consider when examining wild pigtail macaque mother-infant relationships and infant independence."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Mother-Infant Interactions in a Free-Ranging Population of Pigtail Macaques (Macaca nemestrina)"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Lori K. Sheeran","Mary Radeke","Nadine Ruppert"],"dc:creator":["Dura, Emily"],"dc:date.available":["2019-06-02T07:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["The Southern pigtail macaque (<em>Macaca nemestrina</em>) is an understudied species in the Cercopithecidae family distributed in Southeast Asia. In this field study, I focused on interactions of Southern pigtail macaques to better understand mother-infant relationships. I observed five to six mother-infant dyads from April 2016 to September 2016 in the Segari Melintang Forest Reserve, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. I used focal sampling methods to score mother and infant behaviors from two ethograms. I hypothesized that as infant age increased, mother and infant behaviors seen to be important in pigtail macaque mother-infant captive studies, would change over time. As infant age increased, mother permissive behaviors and mother-infant contact duration showed significant negative correlations. A GLMM of mother permissive behavior as the outcome variable only showed infant age as a significant predictor variable. From the infant’s perspective, as infants increased in age, mother-infant contact duration showed a significant negative correlation, while mother-directed vocalizations showed no association. A GLMM of mother-infant contact duration as the outcome variable showed only infant age as a significant predictor variable. Infants made more breaks in the mother-infant dyad between 100-350 days of age. Adult females and juveniles were significantly more likely to be within 1-5 m proximity of mothers as infants aged. These data show that mother permissive behavior, mother-infant contact duration and proximity are crucial elements to consider when examining wild pigtail macaque mother-infant relationships and infant independence."],"dc:identifier":["https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd/632"],"dc:language":["English"],"dc:subject":["mother-infant","pigtail","macaque","permissive","proximity","behavior","Animal Studies","Social and Behavioral Sciences"],"dc:title":["Mother-Infant Interactions in a Free-Ranging Population of Pigtail Macaques (Macaca nemestrina)"],"dc:type":["Text"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Primate Behavior"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science (MS)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T01:37:04Z"}