{"id":{"repo_id":"cape-town","oai_identifier":"oai:open.uct.ac.za:11427/41854"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/cape-town/oai:open.uct.ac.za:11427/41854","repository":{"repo_id":"cape-town","name":"University of Cape Town","base_url":"https://open.uct.ac.za/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Minimum wages as a mechanism for gender pay equity: the role of gender in predicting labour market outcomes from the minimum wage in south Africa's retail and agricultural sectors","abstract":"Do minimum wages promote greater equity in pay in a developing country context? This paper seeks to answer this question through employing two difference-in-difference (DID) regression techniques to uncover the gendered impact of South Africa's Sectoral Wage Determinations (‘sectoral minimum wages' hereafter) on real hourly wages over the period 2001-2007 and establish whether these minimum wage laws reduced gender pay gaps among covered workers. The gender-specific effects of minimum wages on employment, hours worked, and written contract coverage are also explored. The sectors analysed are the retail and agricultural sectors both of which employ a fairly equal share of men and women, who are similar across several characteristics. Furthermore, examining these two sectors offers a unique opportunity to investigate whether a more “blanket” minimum wage is better suited to reducing gender pay discrepancies compared to multiple minimum wage schedules determined by various factors. For the agricultural sector, sectoral minimum wages were only set according to area (resulting in 2 minimum wage schedules), while for the retail sector, minimum wages were established according to occupation, hours worked, firm size and area (resulting in a total of 96 minimum wage schedules over the period of analysis). This paper finds that sectoral minimum wages had no significant impact on the employment of men or women in the retail and agricultural sectors. Descriptive results indicate that the gender wage gap marginally increased among retail workers following the implementation of minimum wages. The regression analysis reflects this finding, as men experience greater gains in wages relative to women in areas where the median wage falls further below the minimum wage (i.e., where the minimum wage is more binding). In contrast, the descriptive findings suggest that the gender wage gap reduced significantly among agricultural workers. The regression results mirror these results – one DID specification reveals that women in the agricultural sector reap significant improvements in their wages, while no significant effect is found for men. The other DID specification indicates that both men and women in areas where the minimum wage is more binding experience greater improvements in their wages; however, women experience slightly greater increases. No significant effect is shown for women using this specification. In terms of hours worked, men in the retail sector experience significant improvements in their working hours, whereas women endure significant declines. The opposite holds true for the agricultural sector. The above findings possibly suggest that a more “blanket” minimum wage may contribute to fostering greater gender equity in pay. Conversely, minimum wages set according to factors such as occupation may lead to the exacerbation of gender pay disparities. Nevertheless, there may be other differences between the retail and agricultural sectors that explain the disparities in the impact of sectoral minimum wage laws. While minimum wage violation (both in terms of incidence and depth) appears to be fairly similar among men and women (although slightly higher for women) – non-compliance rates are staggeringly high, especially among agricultural workers. This finding underscores the need for stricter monitoring and enforcement of minimum wages in South Africa.","abstract_html":"Do minimum wages promote greater equity in pay in a developing country context? This paper seeks to answer this question through employing two difference-in-difference (DID) regression techniques to uncover the gendered impact of South Africa's Sectoral Wage Determinations (‘sectoral minimum wages' hereafter) on real hourly wages over the period 2001-2007 and establish whether these minimum wage laws reduced gender pay gaps among covered workers. The gender-specific effects of minimum wages on employment, hours worked, and written contract coverage are also explored. The sectors analysed are the retail and agricultural sectors both of which employ a fairly equal share of men and women, who are similar across several characteristics. Furthermore, examining these two sectors offers a unique opportunity to investigate whether a more “blanket” minimum wage is better suited to reducing gender pay discrepancies compared to multiple minimum wage schedules determined by various factors. For the agricultural sector, sectoral minimum wages were only set according to area (resulting in 2 minimum wage schedules), while for the retail sector, minimum wages were established according to occupation, hours worked, firm size and area (resulting in a total of 96 minimum wage schedules over the period of analysis). This paper finds that sectoral minimum wages had no significant impact on the employment of men or women in the retail and agricultural sectors. Descriptive results indicate that the gender wage gap marginally increased among retail workers following the implementation of minimum wages. The regression analysis reflects this finding, as men experience greater gains in wages relative to women in areas where the median wage falls further below the minimum wage (i.e., where the minimum wage is more binding). In contrast, the descriptive findings suggest that the gender wage gap reduced significantly among agricultural workers. The regression results mirror these results – one DID specification reveals that women in the agricultural sector reap significant improvements in their wages, while no significant effect is found for men. The other DID specification indicates that both men and women in areas where the minimum wage is more binding experience greater improvements in their wages; however, women experience slightly greater increases. No significant effect is shown for women using this specification. In terms of hours worked, men in the retail sector experience significant improvements in their working hours, whereas women endure significant declines. The opposite holds true for the agricultural sector. The above findings possibly suggest that a more “blanket” minimum wage may contribute to fostering greater gender equity in pay. Conversely, minimum wages set according to factors such as occupation may lead to the exacerbation of gender pay disparities. Nevertheless, there may be other differences between the retail and agricultural sectors that explain the disparities in the impact of sectoral minimum wage laws. While minimum wage violation (both in terms of incidence and depth) appears to be fairly similar among men and women (although slightly higher for women) – non-compliance rates are staggeringly high, especially among agricultural workers. This finding underscores the need for stricter monitoring and enforcement of minimum wages in South Africa.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Nicklin, Jessica"],"institution":"School of Economics","degree_name":null,"degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":["Bhorat, Haroon"],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2025,"date_issued":"2025","date_published":"2025","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:23:26Z","subjects":["Minimum wage","South Africa","Retail","Agricultural sector"],"languages":["en"],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11427/41854","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.advisor","label":"Advisor","values":["Bhorat, Haroon"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Nicklin, Jessica"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2025-09-18T09:59:00Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2025-09-18T09:59:00Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2025"]},{"key":"dc:publisher.department","label":"Dc Publisher Department","values":["School of Economics"]},{"key":"dc:publisher.institution","label":"Dc Publisher Institution","values":["University of Cape Town"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis / Dissertation"]},{"key":"dc:type.qualificationlevel","label":"Dc Type Qualificationlevel","values":["Masters","MCom"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Minimum wage","South Africa","Retail","Agricultural sector"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language.iso","label":"Language (ISO)","values":["en"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/11427/41854"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Do minimum wages promote greater equity in pay in a developing country context? This paper seeks to answer this question through employing two difference-in-difference (DID) regression techniques to uncover the gendered impact of South Africa's Sectoral Wage Determinations (‘sectoral minimum wages' hereafter) on real hourly wages over the period 2001-2007 and establish whether these minimum wage laws reduced gender pay gaps among covered workers. The gender-specific effects of minimum wages on employment, hours worked, and written contract coverage are also explored. The sectors analysed are the retail and agricultural sectors both of which employ a fairly equal share of men and women, who are similar across several characteristics. Furthermore, examining these two sectors offers a unique opportunity to investigate whether a more “blanket” minimum wage is better suited to reducing gender pay discrepancies compared to multiple minimum wage schedules determined by various factors. For the agricultural sector, sectoral minimum wages were only set according to area (resulting in 2 minimum wage schedules), while for the retail sector, minimum wages were established according to occupation, hours worked, firm size and area (resulting in a total of 96 minimum wage schedules over the period of analysis). This paper finds that sectoral minimum wages had no significant impact on the employment of men or women in the retail and agricultural sectors. Descriptive results indicate that the gender wage gap marginally increased among retail workers following the implementation of minimum wages. The regression analysis reflects this finding, as men experience greater gains in wages relative to women in areas where the median wage falls further below the minimum wage (i.e., where the minimum wage is more binding). In contrast, the descriptive findings suggest that the gender wage gap reduced significantly among agricultural workers. The regression results mirror these results – one DID specification reveals that women in the agricultural sector reap significant improvements in their wages, while no significant effect is found for men. The other DID specification indicates that both men and women in areas where the minimum wage is more binding experience greater improvements in their wages; however, women experience slightly greater increases. No significant effect is shown for women using this specification. In terms of hours worked, men in the retail sector experience significant improvements in their working hours, whereas women endure significant declines. The opposite holds true for the agricultural sector. The above findings possibly suggest that a more “blanket” minimum wage may contribute to fostering greater gender equity in pay. Conversely, minimum wages set according to factors such as occupation may lead to the exacerbation of gender pay disparities. Nevertheless, there may be other differences between the retail and agricultural sectors that explain the disparities in the impact of sectoral minimum wage laws. While minimum wage violation (both in terms of incidence and depth) appears to be fairly similar among men and women (although slightly higher for women) – non-compliance rates are staggeringly high, especially among agricultural workers. This finding underscores the need for stricter monitoring and enforcement of minimum wages in South Africa."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Minimum wages as a mechanism for gender pay equity: the role of gender in predicting labour market outcomes from the minimum wage in south Africa's retail and agricultural sectors"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.advisor":["Bhorat, Haroon"],"dc:creator":["Nicklin, Jessica"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2025-09-18T09:59:00Z"],"dc:date.available":["2025-09-18T09:59:00Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2025"],"dc:description.abstract":["Do minimum wages promote greater equity in pay in a developing country context? This paper seeks to answer this question through employing two difference-in-difference (DID) regression techniques to uncover the gendered impact of South Africa's Sectoral Wage Determinations (‘sectoral minimum wages' hereafter) on real hourly wages over the period 2001-2007 and establish whether these minimum wage laws reduced gender pay gaps among covered workers. The gender-specific effects of minimum wages on employment, hours worked, and written contract coverage are also explored. The sectors analysed are the retail and agricultural sectors both of which employ a fairly equal share of men and women, who are similar across several characteristics. Furthermore, examining these two sectors offers a unique opportunity to investigate whether a more “blanket” minimum wage is better suited to reducing gender pay discrepancies compared to multiple minimum wage schedules determined by various factors. For the agricultural sector, sectoral minimum wages were only set according to area (resulting in 2 minimum wage schedules), while for the retail sector, minimum wages were established according to occupation, hours worked, firm size and area (resulting in a total of 96 minimum wage schedules over the period of analysis). This paper finds that sectoral minimum wages had no significant impact on the employment of men or women in the retail and agricultural sectors. Descriptive results indicate that the gender wage gap marginally increased among retail workers following the implementation of minimum wages. The regression analysis reflects this finding, as men experience greater gains in wages relative to women in areas where the median wage falls further below the minimum wage (i.e., where the minimum wage is more binding). In contrast, the descriptive findings suggest that the gender wage gap reduced significantly among agricultural workers. The regression results mirror these results – one DID specification reveals that women in the agricultural sector reap significant improvements in their wages, while no significant effect is found for men. The other DID specification indicates that both men and women in areas where the minimum wage is more binding experience greater improvements in their wages; however, women experience slightly greater increases. No significant effect is shown for women using this specification. In terms of hours worked, men in the retail sector experience significant improvements in their working hours, whereas women endure significant declines. The opposite holds true for the agricultural sector. The above findings possibly suggest that a more “blanket” minimum wage may contribute to fostering greater gender equity in pay. Conversely, minimum wages set according to factors such as occupation may lead to the exacerbation of gender pay disparities. Nevertheless, there may be other differences between the retail and agricultural sectors that explain the disparities in the impact of sectoral minimum wage laws. While minimum wage violation (both in terms of incidence and depth) appears to be fairly similar among men and women (although slightly higher for women) – non-compliance rates are staggeringly high, especially among agricultural workers. This finding underscores the need for stricter monitoring and enforcement of minimum wages in South Africa."],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/11427/41854"],"dc:language.iso":["en"],"dc:publisher.department":["School of Economics"],"dc:publisher.institution":["University of Cape Town"],"dc:subject":["Minimum wage","South Africa","Retail","Agricultural sector"],"dc:title":["Minimum wages as a mechanism for gender pay equity: the role of gender in predicting labour market outcomes from the minimum wage in south Africa's retail and agricultural sectors"],"dc:type":["Thesis / Dissertation"],"dc:type.qualificationlevel":["Masters","MCom"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:23:26Z"}