{"id":{"repo_id":"cambridge","oai_identifier":"oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/374772"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/cambridge/oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/374772","repository":{"repo_id":"cambridge","name":"Cambridge University","base_url":"https://api.repository.cam.ac.uk/server/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Resource efficiency decision-making tools for industry: a new environmental performance metric for clinker manufacturing","abstract":"Industry is responsible for one-quarter of global direct energy and process CO2 emissions, with three industries representing 70% of those emissions: steel, cement and chemicals. Cement is a particularly challenging sector to decarbonise, since the decomposition of limestone during clinker manufacturing releases CO2, and as a result, complete decarbonisation of the process is impossible. Resource Efficiency (RE) holds promise as a strategy for reducing industrial emissions from cement manufacturing, including both energy and process related emissions. Exergy-based Resource Efficiency has significant potential as an industrial environmental performance metric, as it combines the interactions between energy and materials into a single metric capable of highlighting inefficient processes and waste flows. Nonetheless, real-time studies of industrial operations are data-intensive and time-consuming, often requiring data “cleaning”, and regularly facing reluctance on the company’s side regarding the obtention of data. This thesis seeks, then, to understand if it is possible to obtain a good proxy of an industrial process’ Resource Efficiency from publicly available data. To this aim it is first necessary to assess what insights can be gained into the efficiency of clinker manufacturing when having full access to data on material and energy flows from the cement plant control system. To answer this question, Chapter 3 presents an exergy-based Resource Efficiency analysis of resource use and efficiency improvements of the clinker manufacturing section of an anonymised EU cement plant, using data from the plant’s control system. The analysis shows that the plant’s total resource input is predominantly dominated by the contribution of fuels, with the clinker burning section being responsible for the highest consumption of energy and manufacturing emissions. In 2021, the plant had a mean RE of 47.79 ± 3.52% and 38.34 ± 2.85% in compound operation (when the hot gases are used to dry the raw material inputs) and direct operation (without further drying), respectively. From the mapping of the resource flows, improvement options are identified, with minimisation of heat losses across the kiln body having the largest improvement potential, both in terms of RE and CO2 emissions. The correlation between RE and CO2-intensity is investigated, with no correlation between the two metrics being found. It is thus recommended that RE and CO2- intensity are used side by side when assessing clinker manufacturing environmental performance, as the results from these two metrics are complementary. These results establish a baseline to understand the follow up questions: Can the same level of insight be gained using less data? and What type of methodology allows for an accurate estimation of an industrial process Resource Efficiency from publicly available data? A new simplified methodology for calculating the exergy-based RE is proposed in Chapter 4. The new tool estimates a plant’s RE from CO2 emissions data publicly available, and existing technical knowledge on clinker manufacturing. Two models, differing in the input data used, are tested: the CO2 model, for which only plant emissions data from EU ETS are used, and the CO2+ model, which also includes data on the plant’s fuel consumption and properties as reported by the industrial partners. The results of the two models follow the same trends found in the plant’s control-data exergy-based RE analysis. Estimation of the raw feed and clinker flows from reported CO2 emissions and knowledge on clinker manufacturing chemistry gives a good proxy of their real exergy content. The use of average EU28 data on fuels yields an exergy content for the fuel mix which differs by less than 10% from that obtained in the control- data analysis. The new proposed methodology is found to be capable of accurately estimating a plant’s RE using publicly available data, with the RE values from the two models comparing well with those resulting from the control-data analysis. Being able to derive an accurate exergy-based RE model of a plant from the publicly available emissions data offers rich insights into the efficiency of the plant operations, where material and energy are lost from the process, and what actions might be taken to reduce emissions through improved RE. All without having to perform a laborious study. The new methodology is applied to the European cement industry in Chapter 5 to estimate country-level RE of clinker production for eight European countries. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first time exergy-based Resource Efficiency is used to map country-level performance of an industrial sector across multiple countries. In 2019, the clinker manufacturing RE of European countries was, on average, 39.22%. To assess potential for improvement, the results are compared with the corresponding RE values using the Best Available Technology (BAT) energy requirements. European clinker manufacturing is found to be performing close to BAT standards, with plant RE ranging up to a maximum 6.61% below the BAT. These results reflect the uptake of energy efficiency measures by the European cement industry. If further emissions reductions and improvements in resource use are to be achieved, other strategies must be prioritised. Further analysis of policies, legal frameworks and company strategies in each country show that the adoption of improvement strategies by companies is highly dependent on the legal framework within which they operate. Implementation of material efficiency strategies at production level has been reported to have the largest improvement potential for the cement industry. It follows that policies aimed at reducing emissions and improving resource use in cement manufacturing should prioritise the implementation of these strategies. A policy analysis of the European Green Deal, EU main climate policy package, shows that policies and initiatives that accelerate R&I on alternative supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and alternative binders are still lacking. The inclusion of SCMs and alternative binders in the list of strategic net-zero technologies of the Net-Zero Industry Act is recommended. Cement and construction standards must also be reviewed to accommodate new low-carbon clinker and blended cements. Both initiatives represent strong mechanisms to promote the manufacturing and deployment of these low-carbon products. The overall contribution of this thesis is to develop and apply a new exergy-based Resource Efficiency methodology that is capable of accurately estimating clinker manufacturing RE, using publicly available data. Application of the new methodology at plant, sector, and country- level allows for mapping performance, endowing decision-makers with a powerful tool to understand both current performance and improvement potential.","abstract_html":"Industry is responsible for one-quarter of global direct energy and process CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, with three industries representing 70% of those emissions: steel, cement and chemicals. Cement is a particularly challenging sector to decarbonise, since the decomposition of limestone during clinker manufacturing releases CO<sub>2</sub>, and as a result, complete decarbonisation of the process is impossible. Resource Efficiency (RE) holds promise as a strategy for reducing industrial emissions from cement manufacturing, including both energy and process related emissions. Exergy-based Resource Efficiency has significant potential as an industrial environmental performance metric, as it combines the interactions between energy and materials into a single metric capable of highlighting inefficient processes and waste flows. Nonetheless, real-time studies of industrial operations are data-intensive and time-consuming, often requiring data “cleaning”, and regularly facing reluctance on the company’s side regarding the obtention of data. This thesis seeks, then, to understand if it is possible to obtain a good proxy of an industrial process’ Resource Efficiency from publicly available data. To this aim it is first necessary to assess what insights can be gained into the efficiency of clinker manufacturing when having full access to data on material and energy flows from the cement plant control system. To answer this question, Chapter 3 presents an exergy-based Resource Efficiency analysis of resource use and efficiency improvements of the clinker manufacturing section of an anonymised EU cement plant, using data from the plant’s control system. The analysis shows that the plant’s total resource input is predominantly dominated by the contribution of fuels, with the clinker burning section being responsible for the highest consumption of energy and manufacturing emissions. In 2021, the plant had a mean RE of 47.79 ± 3.52% and 38.34 ± 2.85% in compound operation (when the hot gases are used to dry the raw material inputs) and direct operation (without further drying), respectively. From the mapping of the resource flows, improvement options are identified, with minimisation of heat losses across the kiln body having the largest improvement potential, both in terms of RE and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. The correlation between RE and CO<sub>2</sub>-intensity is investigated, with no correlation between the two metrics being found. It is thus recommended that RE and CO<sub>2</sub>- intensity are used side by side when assessing clinker manufacturing environmental performance, as the results from these two metrics are complementary. These results establish a baseline to understand the follow up questions: Can the same level of insight be gained using less data? and What type of methodology allows for an accurate estimation of an industrial process Resource Efficiency from publicly available data? A new simplified methodology for calculating the exergy-based RE is proposed in Chapter 4. The new tool estimates a plant’s RE from CO<sub>2</sub> emissions data publicly available, and existing technical knowledge on clinker manufacturing. Two models, differing in the input data used, are tested: the CO<sub>2</sub> model, for which only plant emissions data from EU ETS are used, and the CO<sub>2</sub>+ model, which also includes data on the plant’s fuel consumption and properties as reported by the industrial partners. The results of the two models follow the same trends found in the plant’s control-data exergy-based RE analysis. Estimation of the raw feed and clinker flows from reported CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and knowledge on clinker manufacturing chemistry gives a good proxy of their real exergy content. The use of average EU28 data on fuels yields an exergy content for the fuel mix which differs by less than 10% from that obtained in the control- data analysis. The new proposed methodology is found to be capable of accurately estimating a plant’s RE using publicly available data, with the RE values from the two models comparing well with those resulting from the control-data analysis. Being able to derive an accurate exergy-based RE model of a plant from the publicly available emissions data offers rich insights into the efficiency of the plant operations, where material and energy are lost from the process, and what actions might be taken to reduce emissions through improved RE. All without having to perform a laborious study. The new methodology is applied to the European cement industry in Chapter 5 to estimate country-level RE of clinker production for eight European countries. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first time exergy-based Resource Efficiency is used to map country-level performance of an industrial sector across multiple countries. In 2019, the clinker manufacturing RE of European countries was, on average, 39.22%. To assess potential for improvement, the results are compared with the corresponding RE values using the Best Available Technology (BAT) energy requirements. European clinker manufacturing is found to be performing close to BAT standards, with plant RE ranging up to a maximum 6.61% below the BAT. These results reflect the uptake of energy efficiency measures by the European cement industry. If further emissions reductions and improvements in resource use are to be achieved, other strategies must be prioritised. Further analysis of policies, legal frameworks and company strategies in each country show that the adoption of improvement strategies by companies is highly dependent on the legal framework within which they operate. Implementation of material efficiency strategies at production level has been reported to have the largest improvement potential for the cement industry. It follows that policies aimed at reducing emissions and improving resource use in cement manufacturing should prioritise the implementation of these strategies. A policy analysis of the European Green Deal, EU main climate policy package, shows that policies and initiatives that accelerate R&I on alternative supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and alternative binders are still lacking. The inclusion of SCMs and alternative binders in the list of strategic net-zero technologies of the Net-Zero Industry Act is recommended. Cement and construction standards must also be reviewed to accommodate new low-carbon clinker and blended cements. Both initiatives represent strong mechanisms to promote the manufacturing and deployment of these low-carbon products. The overall contribution of this thesis is to develop and apply a new exergy-based Resource Efficiency methodology that is capable of accurately estimating clinker manufacturing RE, using publicly available data. Application of the new methodology at plant, sector, and country- level allows for mapping performance, endowing decision-makers with a powerful tool to understand both current performance and improvement potential.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Morgado, Ana"],"institution":"University of Cambridge","degree_name":"Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)","degree_level":"Doctoral","degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":["Cullen, Jonathan"],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2024,"date_issued":"2024-05-31","date_published":"2024-05-31","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:28Z","subjects":["Cement","Clinker","Exergy","Exergy analysis","Policy analysis","Resource efficiency"],"languages":["eng"],"rights":[],"rights_urls":["https://apollo8-f-pro.lib.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/7e7d41c0-fbec-4d80-986b-0a2515ba0e60/download","https://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved/"],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.112712","outbound_label":"DOI","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.doi"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.advisor","label":"Advisor","values":["Cullen, Jonathan"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Morgado, Ana"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2024-05-31"]},{"key":"dc:publisher.institution","label":"Dc Publisher Institution","values":["University of Cambridge"]},{"key":"dc:relation.isreferencedby.uri","label":"Dc Relation Isreferencedby URI","values":["https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/374772"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"dc:type.qualificationlevel","label":"Dc Type Qualificationlevel","values":["Doctoral"]},{"key":"dc:type.qualificationname","label":"Dc Type Qualificationname","values":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Cement","Clinker","Exergy","Exergy analysis","Policy analysis","Resource efficiency"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["eng"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["https://apollo8-f-pro.lib.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/7e7d41c0-fbec-4d80-986b-0a2515ba0e60/download","https://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved/"]},{"key":"dc:rights.embargodate","label":"Dc Rights Embargodate","values":["2025-10-10"]},{"key":"dc:rights.embargotype","label":"Dc Rights Embargotype","values":["embargo"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.doi","label":"DOI","values":["https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.112712"]},{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["https://apollo8-f-pro.lib.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/ea4d9e9b-f7f6-40e1-8866-39b8f76b5b8d/download"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Industry is responsible for one-quarter of global direct energy and process CO2 emissions, with three industries representing 70% of those emissions: steel, cement and chemicals. Cement is a particularly challenging sector to decarbonise, since the decomposition of limestone during clinker manufacturing releases CO2, and as a result, complete decarbonisation of the process is impossible. Resource Efficiency (RE) holds promise as a strategy for reducing industrial emissions from cement manufacturing, including both energy and process related emissions. Exergy-based Resource Efficiency has significant potential as an industrial environmental performance metric, as it combines the interactions between energy and materials into a single metric capable of highlighting inefficient processes and waste flows. Nonetheless, real-time studies of industrial operations are data-intensive and time-consuming, often requiring data “cleaning”, and regularly facing reluctance on the company’s side regarding the obtention of data. This thesis seeks, then, to understand if it is possible to obtain a good proxy of an industrial process’ Resource Efficiency from publicly available data. To this aim it is first necessary to assess what insights can be gained into the efficiency of clinker manufacturing when having full access to data on material and energy flows from the cement plant control system. To answer this question, Chapter 3 presents an exergy-based Resource Efficiency analysis of resource use and efficiency improvements of the clinker manufacturing section of an anonymised EU cement plant, using data from the plant’s control system. The analysis shows that the plant’s total resource input is predominantly dominated by the contribution of fuels, with the clinker burning section being responsible for the highest consumption of energy and manufacturing emissions. In 2021, the plant had a mean RE of 47.79 ± 3.52% and 38.34 ± 2.85% in compound operation (when the hot gases are used to dry the raw material inputs) and direct operation (without further drying), respectively. From the mapping of the resource flows, improvement options are identified, with minimisation of heat losses across the kiln body having the largest improvement potential, both in terms of RE and CO2 emissions. The correlation between RE and CO2-intensity is investigated, with no correlation between the two metrics being found. It is thus recommended that RE and CO2- intensity are used side by side when assessing clinker manufacturing environmental performance, as the results from these two metrics are complementary. These results establish a baseline to understand the follow up questions: Can the same level of insight be gained using less data? and What type of methodology allows for an accurate estimation of an industrial process Resource Efficiency from publicly available data? A new simplified methodology for calculating the exergy-based RE is proposed in Chapter 4. The new tool estimates a plant’s RE from CO2 emissions data publicly available, and existing technical knowledge on clinker manufacturing. Two models, differing in the input data used, are tested: the CO2 model, for which only plant emissions data from EU ETS are used, and the CO2+ model, which also includes data on the plant’s fuel consumption and properties as reported by the industrial partners. The results of the two models follow the same trends found in the plant’s control-data exergy-based RE analysis. Estimation of the raw feed and clinker flows from reported CO2 emissions and knowledge on clinker manufacturing chemistry gives a good proxy of their real exergy content. The use of average EU28 data on fuels yields an exergy content for the fuel mix which differs by less than 10% from that obtained in the control- data analysis. The new proposed methodology is found to be capable of accurately estimating a plant’s RE using publicly available data, with the RE values from the two models comparing well with those resulting from the control-data analysis. Being able to derive an accurate exergy-based RE model of a plant from the publicly available emissions data offers rich insights into the efficiency of the plant operations, where material and energy are lost from the process, and what actions might be taken to reduce emissions through improved RE. All without having to perform a laborious study. The new methodology is applied to the European cement industry in Chapter 5 to estimate country-level RE of clinker production for eight European countries. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first time exergy-based Resource Efficiency is used to map country-level performance of an industrial sector across multiple countries. In 2019, the clinker manufacturing RE of European countries was, on average, 39.22%. To assess potential for improvement, the results are compared with the corresponding RE values using the Best Available Technology (BAT) energy requirements. European clinker manufacturing is found to be performing close to BAT standards, with plant RE ranging up to a maximum 6.61% below the BAT. These results reflect the uptake of energy efficiency measures by the European cement industry. If further emissions reductions and improvements in resource use are to be achieved, other strategies must be prioritised. Further analysis of policies, legal frameworks and company strategies in each country show that the adoption of improvement strategies by companies is highly dependent on the legal framework within which they operate. Implementation of material efficiency strategies at production level has been reported to have the largest improvement potential for the cement industry. It follows that policies aimed at reducing emissions and improving resource use in cement manufacturing should prioritise the implementation of these strategies. A policy analysis of the European Green Deal, EU main climate policy package, shows that policies and initiatives that accelerate R&I on alternative supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and alternative binders are still lacking. The inclusion of SCMs and alternative binders in the list of strategic net-zero technologies of the Net-Zero Industry Act is recommended. Cement and construction standards must also be reviewed to accommodate new low-carbon clinker and blended cements. Both initiatives represent strong mechanisms to promote the manufacturing and deployment of these low-carbon products. The overall contribution of this thesis is to develop and apply a new exergy-based Resource Efficiency methodology that is capable of accurately estimating clinker manufacturing RE, using publicly available data. Application of the new methodology at plant, sector, and country- level allows for mapping performance, endowing decision-makers with a powerful tool to understand both current performance and improvement potential."]},{"key":"dc:format.checksum.md5","label":"Dc Format Checksum Md5","values":["18f9c03a1de8120f68e837b13e3aa58d","87eda9de84448d1f82354d60eee3eb5f"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Resource efficiency decision-making tools for industry: a new environmental performance metric for clinker manufacturing"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.advisor":["Cullen, Jonathan"],"dc:creator":["Morgado, Ana"],"dc:date.issued":["2024-05-31"],"dc:description.abstract":["Industry is responsible for one-quarter of global direct energy and process CO2 emissions, with three industries representing 70% of those emissions: steel, cement and chemicals. Cement is a particularly challenging sector to decarbonise, since the decomposition of limestone during clinker manufacturing releases CO2, and as a result, complete decarbonisation of the process is impossible. Resource Efficiency (RE) holds promise as a strategy for reducing industrial emissions from cement manufacturing, including both energy and process related emissions. Exergy-based Resource Efficiency has significant potential as an industrial environmental performance metric, as it combines the interactions between energy and materials into a single metric capable of highlighting inefficient processes and waste flows. Nonetheless, real-time studies of industrial operations are data-intensive and time-consuming, often requiring data “cleaning”, and regularly facing reluctance on the company’s side regarding the obtention of data. This thesis seeks, then, to understand if it is possible to obtain a good proxy of an industrial process’ Resource Efficiency from publicly available data. To this aim it is first necessary to assess what insights can be gained into the efficiency of clinker manufacturing when having full access to data on material and energy flows from the cement plant control system. To answer this question, Chapter 3 presents an exergy-based Resource Efficiency analysis of resource use and efficiency improvements of the clinker manufacturing section of an anonymised EU cement plant, using data from the plant’s control system. The analysis shows that the plant’s total resource input is predominantly dominated by the contribution of fuels, with the clinker burning section being responsible for the highest consumption of energy and manufacturing emissions. In 2021, the plant had a mean RE of 47.79 ± 3.52% and 38.34 ± 2.85% in compound operation (when the hot gases are used to dry the raw material inputs) and direct operation (without further drying), respectively. From the mapping of the resource flows, improvement options are identified, with minimisation of heat losses across the kiln body having the largest improvement potential, both in terms of RE and CO2 emissions. The correlation between RE and CO2-intensity is investigated, with no correlation between the two metrics being found. It is thus recommended that RE and CO2- intensity are used side by side when assessing clinker manufacturing environmental performance, as the results from these two metrics are complementary. These results establish a baseline to understand the follow up questions: Can the same level of insight be gained using less data? and What type of methodology allows for an accurate estimation of an industrial process Resource Efficiency from publicly available data? A new simplified methodology for calculating the exergy-based RE is proposed in Chapter 4. The new tool estimates a plant’s RE from CO2 emissions data publicly available, and existing technical knowledge on clinker manufacturing. Two models, differing in the input data used, are tested: the CO2 model, for which only plant emissions data from EU ETS are used, and the CO2+ model, which also includes data on the plant’s fuel consumption and properties as reported by the industrial partners. The results of the two models follow the same trends found in the plant’s control-data exergy-based RE analysis. Estimation of the raw feed and clinker flows from reported CO2 emissions and knowledge on clinker manufacturing chemistry gives a good proxy of their real exergy content. The use of average EU28 data on fuels yields an exergy content for the fuel mix which differs by less than 10% from that obtained in the control- data analysis. The new proposed methodology is found to be capable of accurately estimating a plant’s RE using publicly available data, with the RE values from the two models comparing well with those resulting from the control-data analysis. Being able to derive an accurate exergy-based RE model of a plant from the publicly available emissions data offers rich insights into the efficiency of the plant operations, where material and energy are lost from the process, and what actions might be taken to reduce emissions through improved RE. All without having to perform a laborious study. The new methodology is applied to the European cement industry in Chapter 5 to estimate country-level RE of clinker production for eight European countries. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first time exergy-based Resource Efficiency is used to map country-level performance of an industrial sector across multiple countries. In 2019, the clinker manufacturing RE of European countries was, on average, 39.22%. To assess potential for improvement, the results are compared with the corresponding RE values using the Best Available Technology (BAT) energy requirements. European clinker manufacturing is found to be performing close to BAT standards, with plant RE ranging up to a maximum 6.61% below the BAT. These results reflect the uptake of energy efficiency measures by the European cement industry. If further emissions reductions and improvements in resource use are to be achieved, other strategies must be prioritised. Further analysis of policies, legal frameworks and company strategies in each country show that the adoption of improvement strategies by companies is highly dependent on the legal framework within which they operate. Implementation of material efficiency strategies at production level has been reported to have the largest improvement potential for the cement industry. It follows that policies aimed at reducing emissions and improving resource use in cement manufacturing should prioritise the implementation of these strategies. A policy analysis of the European Green Deal, EU main climate policy package, shows that policies and initiatives that accelerate R&I on alternative supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and alternative binders are still lacking. The inclusion of SCMs and alternative binders in the list of strategic net-zero technologies of the Net-Zero Industry Act is recommended. Cement and construction standards must also be reviewed to accommodate new low-carbon clinker and blended cements. Both initiatives represent strong mechanisms to promote the manufacturing and deployment of these low-carbon products. The overall contribution of this thesis is to develop and apply a new exergy-based Resource Efficiency methodology that is capable of accurately estimating clinker manufacturing RE, using publicly available data. Application of the new methodology at plant, sector, and country- level allows for mapping performance, endowing decision-makers with a powerful tool to understand both current performance and improvement potential."],"dc:format.checksum.md5":["18f9c03a1de8120f68e837b13e3aa58d","87eda9de84448d1f82354d60eee3eb5f"],"dc:identifier.doi":["https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.112712"],"dc:identifier.uri":["https://apollo8-f-pro.lib.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/ea4d9e9b-f7f6-40e1-8866-39b8f76b5b8d/download"],"dc:language":["eng"],"dc:publisher.institution":["University of Cambridge"],"dc:relation.isreferencedby.uri":["https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/374772"],"dc:rights":["https://apollo8-f-pro.lib.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/7e7d41c0-fbec-4d80-986b-0a2515ba0e60/download","https://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved/"],"dc:rights.embargodate":["2025-10-10"],"dc:rights.embargotype":["embargo"],"dc:subject":["Cement","Clinker","Exergy","Exergy analysis","Policy analysis","Resource efficiency"],"dc:title":["Resource efficiency decision-making tools for industry: a new environmental performance metric for clinker manufacturing"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"dc:type.qualificationlevel":["Doctoral"],"dc:type.qualificationname":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:28Z"}