{"id":{"repo_id":"cambridge","oai_identifier":"oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/363201"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/cambridge/oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/363201","repository":{"repo_id":"cambridge","name":"Cambridge University","base_url":"https://api.repository.cam.ac.uk/server/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Tamga: a fiscal form in post-Mongol Moscow","abstract":"This thesis traces the evolution of *tamga*, a form of trading taxation, across Mongol and post-Mongol Eurasia (from the thirteenth to early sixteenth centuries). *Tamga*, which had first denoted a stamp or seal, came to also signify a tax – charged primarily on exchange – that allowed the khans to profit from trade. Adopting various analytical scales, this thesis offers the first in-depth study of *tamga*, building on various globally oriented methodologies (connected, comparative, entangled) to interrogate how the tax was engaged in the political spaces that emerged from Mongol rule. Chapter I explores the earliest attestations of *tamga* in the written record; it then comparatively analyses fiscal practice at either end of the ‘Silk Roads’, in Yuan China on the one hand and at Italian Black Sea trading outposts on the other. In both cases, the sources only recalcitrantly employ the term *tamga*, but reflect evidently shared fiscal practice. In chapter II, my focus moves northwards to Rus’ – invaded by the Mongols in the 1230s and subjected to the suzerainty of the Jochid khans (‘Golden Horde’) – to explore how *tamga* was adopted by the increasingly powerful rulers of Moscow, and how that process is reflected in Muscovite exemption charters (*zhalovannye gramoty*). Chapter III moves beyond this explicitly ‘political’ realm, to ask how *tamga* interacted semantically in Rus’ with another due, *myt*, which pre-dated the Mongol invasions; by studying the negative connotations of *myt* and its cognates in religious texts, I argue that *tamga* was attractive to Muscovite rulers precisely because it remained unencumbered by this spiritual hinterland. Finally, chapter IV tracks southwards, to assess the evolution of *tamga* in the Middle East: by contrasting Rus’ with concomitant developments in Īlkhānid and Tīmūrid Iran, I show how the fate of *tamga* in these regions became increasingly intertwined with the canonical dictates of Islamic law. Tying these strands together, I contend that post-Mongol Moscow should be seen more keenly as part of a broader political arena that linked Rus’ with Central Asia, China, the Middle East and the Black Sea. By bringing otherwise discretely considered sources into contact with each other, this thesis shows how *tamga* constituted a key element in the khans’ political legacy – a legacy to be debated, contested and appropriated by their successors.","abstract_html":"This thesis traces the evolution of *tamga*, a form of trading taxation, across Mongol and post-Mongol Eurasia (from the thirteenth to early sixteenth centuries). *Tamga*, which had first denoted a stamp or seal, came to also signify a tax – charged primarily on exchange – that allowed the khans to profit from trade. Adopting various analytical scales, this thesis offers the first in-depth study of *tamga*, building on various globally oriented methodologies (connected, comparative, entangled) to interrogate how the tax was engaged in the political spaces that emerged from Mongol rule. Chapter I explores the earliest attestations of *tamga* in the written record; it then comparatively analyses fiscal practice at either end of the ‘Silk Roads’, in Yuan China on the one hand and at Italian Black Sea trading outposts on the other. In both cases, the sources only recalcitrantly employ the term *tamga*, but reflect evidently shared fiscal practice. In chapter II, my focus moves northwards to Rus’ – invaded by the Mongols in the 1230s and subjected to the suzerainty of the Jochid khans (‘Golden Horde’) – to explore how *tamga* was adopted by the increasingly powerful rulers of Moscow, and how that process is reflected in Muscovite exemption charters (*zhalovannye gramoty*). Chapter III moves beyond this explicitly ‘political’ realm, to ask how *tamga* interacted semantically in Rus’ with another due, *myt*, which pre-dated the Mongol invasions; by studying the negative connotations of *myt* and its cognates in religious texts, I argue that *tamga* was attractive to Muscovite rulers precisely because it remained unencumbered by this spiritual hinterland. Finally, chapter IV tracks southwards, to assess the evolution of *tamga* in the Middle East: by contrasting Rus’ with concomitant developments in Īlkhānid and Tīmūrid Iran, I show how the fate of *tamga* in these regions became increasingly intertwined with the canonical dictates of Islamic law. Tying these strands together, I contend that post-Mongol Moscow should be seen more keenly as part of a broader political arena that linked Rus’ with Central Asia, China, the Middle East and the Black Sea. By bringing otherwise discretely considered sources into contact with each other, this thesis shows how *tamga* constituted a key element in the khans’ political legacy – a legacy to be debated, contested and appropriated by their successors.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Russell, Angus John McLachlan"],"institution":"University of Cambridge","degree_name":"Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)","degree_level":"Doctoral","degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":["Franklin, Simon"],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2023,"date_issued":"2023-09-27","date_published":"2023-09-27","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:28Z","subjects":["global history","institutions","Mongols","Muscovy","taxation","trade"],"languages":["eng"],"rights":[],"rights_urls":["https://apollo8-f-pro.lib.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/3a11a1dd-6934-463b-99aa-e45a77d36038/download","https://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved/"],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.105380","outbound_label":"DOI","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.doi"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.advisor","label":"Advisor","values":["Franklin, Simon"]},{"key":"dc:contributor.sponsor","label":"Sponsor","values":["Arts and Humanities Research Council (Open-Oxford-Cambridge DTP)"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Russell, Angus John McLachlan"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2023-09-27"]},{"key":"dc:publisher.institution","label":"Dc Publisher Institution","values":["University of Cambridge"]},{"key":"dc:relation.isreferencedby.uri","label":"Dc Relation Isreferencedby URI","values":["https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/363201"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"dc:type.qualificationlevel","label":"Dc Type Qualificationlevel","values":["Doctoral"]},{"key":"dc:type.qualificationname","label":"Dc Type Qualificationname","values":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["global history","institutions","Mongols","Muscovy","taxation","trade"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["eng"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["https://apollo8-f-pro.lib.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/3a11a1dd-6934-463b-99aa-e45a77d36038/download","https://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.doi","label":"DOI","values":["https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.105380"]},{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["https://apollo8-f-pro.lib.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/bd22b5c1-ef78-48ff-bfd4-124639c072e0/download"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["This thesis traces the evolution of *tamga*, a form of trading taxation, across Mongol and post-Mongol Eurasia (from the thirteenth to early sixteenth centuries). *Tamga*, which had first denoted a stamp or seal, came to also signify a tax – charged primarily on exchange – that allowed the khans to profit from trade. Adopting various analytical scales, this thesis offers the first in-depth study of *tamga*, building on various globally oriented methodologies (connected, comparative, entangled) to interrogate how the tax was engaged in the political spaces that emerged from Mongol rule. Chapter I explores the earliest attestations of *tamga* in the written record; it then comparatively analyses fiscal practice at either end of the ‘Silk Roads’, in Yuan China on the one hand and at Italian Black Sea trading outposts on the other. In both cases, the sources only recalcitrantly employ the term *tamga*, but reflect evidently shared fiscal practice. In chapter II, my focus moves northwards to Rus’ – invaded by the Mongols in the 1230s and subjected to the suzerainty of the Jochid khans (‘Golden Horde’) – to explore how *tamga* was adopted by the increasingly powerful rulers of Moscow, and how that process is reflected in Muscovite exemption charters (*zhalovannye gramoty*). Chapter III moves beyond this explicitly ‘political’ realm, to ask how *tamga* interacted semantically in Rus’ with another due, *myt*, which pre-dated the Mongol invasions; by studying the negative connotations of *myt* and its cognates in religious texts, I argue that *tamga* was attractive to Muscovite rulers precisely because it remained unencumbered by this spiritual hinterland. Finally, chapter IV tracks southwards, to assess the evolution of *tamga* in the Middle East: by contrasting Rus’ with concomitant developments in Īlkhānid and Tīmūrid Iran, I show how the fate of *tamga* in these regions became increasingly intertwined with the canonical dictates of Islamic law. Tying these strands together, I contend that post-Mongol Moscow should be seen more keenly as part of a broader political arena that linked Rus’ with Central Asia, China, the Middle East and the Black Sea. 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Chapter III moves beyond this explicitly ‘political’ realm, to ask how *tamga* interacted semantically in Rus’ with another due, *myt*, which pre-dated the Mongol invasions; by studying the negative connotations of *myt* and its cognates in religious texts, I argue that *tamga* was attractive to Muscovite rulers precisely because it remained unencumbered by this spiritual hinterland. Finally, chapter IV tracks southwards, to assess the evolution of *tamga* in the Middle East: by contrasting Rus’ with concomitant developments in Īlkhānid and Tīmūrid Iran, I show how the fate of *tamga* in these regions became increasingly intertwined with the canonical dictates of Islamic law. Tying these strands together, I contend that post-Mongol Moscow should be seen more keenly as part of a broader political arena that linked Rus’ with Central Asia, China, the Middle East and the Black Sea. 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