{"id":{"repo_id":"cambridge","oai_identifier":"oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/354785"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/cambridge/oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/354785","repository":{"repo_id":"cambridge","name":"Cambridge University","base_url":"https://api.repository.cam.ac.uk/server/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"2d-Material Dispersion and Printing: From Laboratory to Commercial Scale","abstract":"Functional printing is a low-cost, high-throughput method of production. Incorporating two-dimensional (2d)-materials into inks suited for mature printing techniques has emerged as a viable method for cost-effective and large-scale device fabrication. Many demonstrations are conducted on a small scale, but successful upscaling that would enable the ubiquitous uptake of printing for fabrication, has seldom been reported. The ability to produce 2d-materials dispersions on a large scale is required to be able to produce the volume of ink required to keep up with commercial-scale printing. When such a process is scaled up, the sustainability of the process becomes a such greater issue, with factors such as the type and amount of waste associated with the process considerably complicating its use on the large scale. Since the first 2d-material printing in 2012, the majority of demonstrations are laboratoryscale inkjet printing, as it facilitates rapid prototyping and only requires a small volume of ink. Other printing techniques have been neglected despite their clear advantages such as high printing speed and throughput. The viability of 2d-material printing has seen demonstrated, with different applications explored, but there is a need to translate these methods to roll-toroll (R2R) systems more suited to commercial-scale printing. Largely, demonstrations have used conducting or semiconducting 2d-materials is there is less emphasis on the passive dielectric components of devices. Wide bandgap 2d-materials can be used for dielectric layers in printed electronics. Also, there are very few demonstrations of conformal printing on three-dimensional-objects, which can introduce functionality to otherwise inert surfaces. My PhD first focuses on a means to exfoliate 2d-materials on a large scale by developing a simple, low-waste, and efficient method making it appealing for commercial-scale 2dmaterial ink formulation. I explore possible applications of different 2d-materials, utilising the advantages of small-scale printing techniques. I move on to medium-scale techniques, first through the development of a dielectric ink, enhanced through the addition of a 2d-material nanofiller, deposited using k-bar coating. I then formulate a conductive graphene screen printing ink and use it to print patterns on a sacrificial layer to allow water-assisted conformal printing on 3d-objects. I turn my attention to large-scale, R2R printing of 2d-material ink. I present a commercial-scale flexographic printing demonstration of a graphene-enhanced ink at 100 m.min−1. This is followed by the development of a R2R system, to fully print a perovskite solar cell. This concludes my doctoral research with a through line ranging from small, laboratory-scale through to large, commercial-scale 2d-material device fabrication.","abstract_html":"Functional printing is a low-cost, high-throughput method of production. Incorporating two-dimensional (2d)-materials into inks suited for mature printing techniques has emerged as a viable method for cost-effective and large-scale device fabrication. Many demonstrations are conducted on a small scale, but successful upscaling that would enable the ubiquitous uptake of printing for fabrication, has seldom been reported. The ability to produce 2d-materials dispersions on a large scale is required to be able to produce the volume of ink required to keep up with commercial-scale printing. When such a process is scaled up, the sustainability of the process becomes a such greater issue, with factors such as the type and amount of waste associated with the process considerably complicating its use on the large scale. Since the first 2d-material printing in 2012, the majority of demonstrations are laboratoryscale inkjet printing, as it facilitates rapid prototyping and only requires a small volume of ink. Other printing techniques have been neglected despite their clear advantages such as high printing speed and throughput. The viability of 2d-material printing has seen demonstrated, with different applications explored, but there is a need to translate these methods to roll-toroll (R2R) systems more suited to commercial-scale printing. Largely, demonstrations have used conducting or semiconducting 2d-materials is there is less emphasis on the passive dielectric components of devices. Wide bandgap 2d-materials can be used for dielectric layers in printed electronics. Also, there are very few demonstrations of conformal printing on three-dimensional-objects, which can introduce functionality to otherwise inert surfaces. My PhD first focuses on a means to exfoliate 2d-materials on a large scale by developing a simple, low-waste, and efficient method making it appealing for commercial-scale 2dmaterial ink formulation. I explore possible applications of different 2d-materials, utilising the advantages of small-scale printing techniques. I move on to medium-scale techniques, first through the development of a dielectric ink, enhanced through the addition of a 2d-material nanofiller, deposited using k-bar coating. I then formulate a conductive graphene screen printing ink and use it to print patterns on a sacrificial layer to allow water-assisted conformal printing on 3d-objects. I turn my attention to large-scale, R2R printing of 2d-material ink. I present a commercial-scale flexographic printing demonstration of a graphene-enhanced ink at 100 m.min−1. This is followed by the development of a R2R system, to fully print a perovskite solar cell. This concludes my doctoral research with a through line ranging from small, laboratory-scale through to large, commercial-scale 2d-material device fabrication.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Macadam, Nasiruddin"],"institution":"University of Cambridge","degree_name":"Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)","degree_level":"Doctoral","degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":["Hasan, Tawfique"],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2023,"date_issued":"2023-02-21","date_published":"2023-02-21","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:18Z","subjects":["2d-materials","Printing","Inkjet","Screen","Flexographic","Exfoliation","Additive manufacturing","Ink formulation"],"languages":["eng"],"rights":[],"rights_urls":["https://apollo8-f-pro.lib.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/ab873e19-c9e9-4678-84ad-12a083156685/download","https://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved/"],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.100554","outbound_label":"DOI","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.doi"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.advisor","label":"Advisor","values":["Hasan, Tawfique"]},{"key":"dc:contributor.sponsor","label":"Sponsor","values":["EPSRC"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Macadam, Nasiruddin"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2023-02-21"]},{"key":"dc:publisher.institution","label":"Dc Publisher Institution","values":["University of Cambridge"]},{"key":"dc:relation.isreferencedby.uri","label":"Dc Relation Isreferencedby URI","values":["https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/354785"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"dc:type.qualificationlevel","label":"Dc Type Qualificationlevel","values":["Doctoral"]},{"key":"dc:type.qualificationname","label":"Dc Type Qualificationname","values":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["2d-materials","Printing","Inkjet","Screen","Flexographic","Exfoliation","Additive manufacturing","Ink formulation"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["eng"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["https://apollo8-f-pro.lib.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/ab873e19-c9e9-4678-84ad-12a083156685/download","https://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.doi","label":"DOI","values":["https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.100554"]},{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["https://apollo8-f-pro.lib.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/219ad297-c2d7-4bef-85a7-9513ff930371/download"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Functional printing is a low-cost, high-throughput method of production. 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Other printing techniques have been neglected despite their clear advantages such as high printing speed and throughput. The viability of 2d-material printing has seen demonstrated, with different applications explored, but there is a need to translate these methods to roll-toroll (R2R) systems more suited to commercial-scale printing. Largely, demonstrations have used conducting or semiconducting 2d-materials is there is less emphasis on the passive dielectric components of devices. Wide bandgap 2d-materials can be used for dielectric layers in printed electronics. Also, there are very few demonstrations of conformal printing on three-dimensional-objects, which can introduce functionality to otherwise inert surfaces. My PhD first focuses on a means to exfoliate 2d-materials on a large scale by developing a simple, low-waste, and efficient method making it appealing for commercial-scale 2dmaterial ink formulation. I explore possible applications of different 2d-materials, utilising the advantages of small-scale printing techniques. I move on to medium-scale techniques, first through the development of a dielectric ink, enhanced through the addition of a 2d-material nanofiller, deposited using k-bar coating. I then formulate a conductive graphene screen printing ink and use it to print patterns on a sacrificial layer to allow water-assisted conformal printing on 3d-objects. I turn my attention to large-scale, R2R printing of 2d-material ink. I present a commercial-scale flexographic printing demonstration of a graphene-enhanced ink at 100 m.min−1. This is followed by the development of a R2R system, to fully print a perovskite solar cell. 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The viability of 2d-material printing has seen demonstrated, with different applications explored, but there is a need to translate these methods to roll-toroll (R2R) systems more suited to commercial-scale printing. Largely, demonstrations have used conducting or semiconducting 2d-materials is there is less emphasis on the passive dielectric components of devices. Wide bandgap 2d-materials can be used for dielectric layers in printed electronics. Also, there are very few demonstrations of conformal printing on three-dimensional-objects, which can introduce functionality to otherwise inert surfaces. My PhD first focuses on a means to exfoliate 2d-materials on a large scale by developing a simple, low-waste, and efficient method making it appealing for commercial-scale 2dmaterial ink formulation. I explore possible applications of different 2d-materials, utilising the advantages of small-scale printing techniques. I move on to medium-scale techniques, first through the development of a dielectric ink, enhanced through the addition of a 2d-material nanofiller, deposited using k-bar coating. I then formulate a conductive graphene screen printing ink and use it to print patterns on a sacrificial layer to allow water-assisted conformal printing on 3d-objects. I turn my attention to large-scale, R2R printing of 2d-material ink. I present a commercial-scale flexographic printing demonstration of a graphene-enhanced ink at 100 m.min−1. This is followed by the development of a R2R system, to fully print a perovskite solar cell. 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