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Why, after decades of near-universal voting rights, are only five percent of MPs in the UK House of Commons from the working class, and only one in four legislators in the United States are women?","abstract_html":"In many countries the near-universal right to vote in elections has been a core attribute of their democratic institutions for decades, and in some cases over a century. However, the political experience of many of these very countries over the past decade have often alternated between apathy and frustration in these democratic institutions. Stark economic inequalities have mirrored inequalities in political influence, voters observing that elected officials who determine policy are disproportionately from a political elite or establishment. Why, after decades of near-universal voting rights, are only five percent of MPs in the UK House of Commons from the working class, and only one in four legislators in the United States are women?","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Lee, Su-Min"],"institution":"University of Cambridge","degree_name":"Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)","degree_level":"Doctoral","degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":["Aidt, Toke","Shvets, julia"],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2021,"date_issued":"2021-04","date_published":"2021-04","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:23Z","subjects":["Economics","Political Economy","Politics","Gender Equality","UK Politics","US Politics","Political Representation","Empirical Microeconomics"],"languages":["eng"],"rights":[],"rights_urls":["https://apollo8-f-pro.lib.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/7a4319e9-a38d-4b0b-87b4-7d9a5f01154c/download","https://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved/"],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.75706","outbound_label":"DOI","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.doi"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.advisor","label":"Advisor","values":["Aidt, Toke","Shvets, julia"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Lee, Su-Min"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2021-04"]},{"key":"dc:publisher.institution","label":"Dc Publisher Institution","values":["University of Cambridge"]},{"key":"dc:relation.isreferencedby.uri","label":"Dc Relation Isreferencedby URI","values":["https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/328256"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"dc:type.qualificationlevel","label":"Dc Type Qualificationlevel","values":["Doctoral"]},{"key":"dc:type.qualificationname","label":"Dc Type Qualificationname","values":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Economics","Political Economy","Politics","Gender Equality","UK Politics","US Politics","Political Representation","Empirical Microeconomics"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["eng"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["https://apollo8-f-pro.lib.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/7a4319e9-a38d-4b0b-87b4-7d9a5f01154c/download","https://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.doi","label":"DOI","values":["10.17863/CAM.75706"]},{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["https://apollo8-f-pro.lib.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/b84f3e91-a5db-4eec-9b15-c44dde73067f/download"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["In many countries the near-universal right to vote in elections has been a core attribute of their democratic institutions for decades, and in some cases over a century. 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