{"id":{"repo_id":"cambridge","oai_identifier":"oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/293717"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/cambridge/oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/293717","repository":{"repo_id":"cambridge","name":"Cambridge University","base_url":"https://api.repository.cam.ac.uk/server/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"UNRAVELLING THE RULE AGAINST THE DISCRIMINATION OF FIELDS OF TECHNOLOGY UNDER THE PATENT RULES OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT","abstract":"The rule against the ‘discrimination’ of fields of technology in TRIPS Article 27.1 has the potential to contradict the very technology-specific nature of patent law and to disallow the WTO membership from specifically addressing public interest and right-holder related concerns in a given field of technology. However, in Canada- Patent Protection of Pharmaceuticals (DS114), the only report by a WTO tribunal to have substantively dealt with this obligation to date, the Panel indicated that this rule is not absolute by formulating the concept of ‘discrimination’ in Article 27.1 as the ‘unjustified imposition of differentially disadvantageous treatment’. Nevertheless, this thesis argues that the Panel left some vital elements of its formulation open-ended, thereby making it difficult for a member to comprehend the circumstances in which the ‘differential treatment’ of field of technology constitutes ‘discrimination’. To bring clarity to this ambiguity, this thesis interprets this obligation afresh and identifies some fundamental rationales that should have, and in fact appear to have influenced the Panel in its formulation. To this end, this thesis draws some vital influences from the context relating to WTO’s substantive non-discrimination norms (National Treatment and Most-Favoured Nation Treatment) under its covered agreements that deal with goods and services and explores the type and extent of autonomy that has been preserved within TRIPS’s Objectives and Principles. Whilst this thesis argues that an ambiguous obligation such the prohibition of ‘discrimination’ of fields of technology found in TRIPS Article 27.1 should be interpreted in a manner that seeks a balance between the obligation and the autonomy of the WTO membership, it also sheds light on the future of TRIPS’s own National Treatment and Most-Favoured Nation treatment obligations for which WTO tribunals have not yet recognized the applicability of any general exceptions or justificatory concepts.","abstract_html":"The rule against the ‘discrimination’ of fields of technology in TRIPS Article 27.1 has the potential to contradict the very technology-specific nature of patent law and to disallow the WTO membership from specifically addressing public interest and right-holder related concerns in a given field of technology. However, in Canada- Patent Protection of Pharmaceuticals (DS114), the only report by a WTO tribunal to have substantively dealt with this obligation to date, the Panel indicated that this rule is not absolute by formulating the concept of ‘discrimination’ in Article 27.1 as the ‘unjustified imposition of differentially disadvantageous treatment’. Nevertheless, this thesis argues that the Panel left some vital elements of its formulation open-ended, thereby making it difficult for a member to comprehend the circumstances in which the ‘differential treatment’ of field of technology constitutes ‘discrimination’. To bring clarity to this ambiguity, this thesis interprets this obligation afresh and identifies some fundamental rationales that should have, and in fact appear to have influenced the Panel in its formulation. To this end, this thesis draws some vital influences from the context relating to WTO’s substantive non-discrimination norms (National Treatment and Most-Favoured Nation Treatment) under its covered agreements that deal with goods and services and explores the type and extent of autonomy that has been preserved within TRIPS’s Objectives and Principles. Whilst this thesis argues that an ambiguous obligation such the prohibition of ‘discrimination’ of fields of technology found in TRIPS Article 27.1 should be interpreted in a manner that seeks a balance between the obligation and the autonomy of the WTO membership, it also sheds light on the future of TRIPS’s own National Treatment and Most-Favoured Nation treatment obligations for which WTO tribunals have not yet recognized the applicability of any general exceptions or justificatory concepts.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Mohamed, Milhan Ikram"],"institution":"University of Cambridge","degree_name":"Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)","degree_level":"Doctoral","degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":["Grosse Ruse-Khan, Henning"],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2019,"date_issued":"2019-07-19","date_published":"2019-07-19","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:24Z","subjects":["patent law","discrimination","TRIPS Agreement"],"languages":["en"],"rights":[],"rights_urls":["https://apollo8-f-pro.lib.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/8068b12d-6499-434f-87f5-73cf7d4f723b/download","https://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved/"],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.40830","outbound_label":"DOI","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.doi"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.advisor","label":"Advisor","values":["Grosse Ruse-Khan, Henning"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Mohamed, Milhan Ikram"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2019-07-19"]},{"key":"dc:publisher.institution","label":"Dc Publisher Institution","values":["University of Cambridge"]},{"key":"dc:relation.isreferencedby.uri","label":"Dc Relation Isreferencedby URI","values":["https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/293717"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"dc:type.qualificationlevel","label":"Dc Type Qualificationlevel","values":["Doctoral"]},{"key":"dc:type.qualificationname","label":"Dc Type Qualificationname","values":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["patent law","discrimination","TRIPS Agreement"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["https://apollo8-f-pro.lib.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/8068b12d-6499-434f-87f5-73cf7d4f723b/download","https://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.doi","label":"DOI","values":["10.17863/CAM.40830"]},{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["https://apollo8-f-pro.lib.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/7b69b988-245f-42da-ad50-ac3c7e324387/download"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The rule against the ‘discrimination’ of fields of technology in TRIPS Article 27.1 has the potential to contradict the very technology-specific nature of patent law and to disallow the WTO membership from specifically addressing public interest and right-holder related concerns in a given field of technology. 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To this end, this thesis draws some vital influences from the context relating to WTO’s substantive non-discrimination norms (National Treatment and Most-Favoured Nation Treatment) under its covered agreements that deal with goods and services and explores the type and extent of autonomy that has been preserved within TRIPS’s Objectives and Principles. Whilst this thesis argues that an ambiguous obligation such the prohibition of ‘discrimination’ of fields of technology found in TRIPS Article 27.1 should be interpreted in a manner that seeks a balance between the obligation and the autonomy of the WTO membership, it also sheds light on the future of TRIPS’s own National Treatment and Most-Favoured Nation treatment obligations for which WTO tribunals have not yet recognized the applicability of any general exceptions or justificatory concepts."]},{"key":"dc:format.checksum.md5","label":"Dc Format Checksum Md5","values":["fbbbd5d92383855639508100934323d2","87eda9de84448d1f82354d60eee3eb5f"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["UNRAVELLING THE RULE AGAINST THE DISCRIMINATION OF FIELDS OF TECHNOLOGY UNDER THE PATENT RULES OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.advisor":["Grosse Ruse-Khan, Henning"],"dc:creator":["Mohamed, Milhan Ikram"],"dc:date.issued":["2019-07-19"],"dc:description.abstract":["The rule against the ‘discrimination’ of fields of technology in TRIPS Article 27.1 has the potential to contradict the very technology-specific nature of patent law and to disallow the WTO membership from specifically addressing public interest and right-holder related concerns in a given field of technology. 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To this end, this thesis draws some vital influences from the context relating to WTO’s substantive non-discrimination norms (National Treatment and Most-Favoured Nation Treatment) under its covered agreements that deal with goods and services and explores the type and extent of autonomy that has been preserved within TRIPS’s Objectives and Principles. 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