{"id":{"repo_id":"cambridge","oai_identifier":"oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/290495"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/cambridge/oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/290495","repository":{"repo_id":"cambridge","name":"Cambridge University","base_url":"https://api.repository.cam.ac.uk/server/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Modulation of the tumor microenvironment by the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 in pancreatic and colorectal adenocarcinoma","abstract":"Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has not been effective thus far in patients with micro-satellite stable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which suggests an immunosuppressive mechanism operates within the tumour microenvironment (TME) of PDAC. In the KRasG12D; p53R172H; Pdx1-Cre (KPC) genetically engineered mouse model of PDAC, T cells are excluded from tumour nests and this effect is related to the chemokine CXCL12 produced by FAP+ stromal cells. Targeting the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway with AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist, resulted T cell infiltration and tumor regression with anti-PD-L1 therapy in the KPC model. The CAMPLEX clinical trial was initiated to assess the safety of a 7-day AMD3100 infusion and provide proof-of-concept that AMD3100 reverses CXCL12 mediated immune-suppression in the TME. The safety and pharmacokinetic results from the CAMPLEX dose escalation phase are presented. A dose-rate of AMD3100 80ug/kg/hr was safe, reasonably well tolerated, and achieved relevant plasma concentrations at steady state. However, pharmacodynamic makers of CXCR4 inhibition, including peripheral white blood cell and CD34+ cell mobilization, were maximal at the lowest dose-rate of 20ug/kg/hr, with little drug-related adverse events. An increase in T cell infiltration was observed in paired pre/post infusion tumour biopsies in a subset of patients, consistent with the pre-clinical KPC data. To further characterize the pharmacodynamic effects of AMD3100 on the TME, additional pre-clinical experiments in the KPC model were performed. Increased CXCR4 protein expression within the TME is a robust effect of AMD3100, which was also observed in the CAMPLEX biopsies. Furthermore, there was a large increase in the infiltration of F4/80+ macrophages at 6 days in KPC mice receiving a high dose of AMD3100. Further studies are warranted to determine their source, polarization, and whether they are related to the anti-tumour effects of AMD3100.","abstract_html":"Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has not been effective thus far in patients with micro-satellite stable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which suggests an immunosuppressive mechanism operates within the tumour microenvironment (TME) of PDAC. In the KRasG12D; p53R172H; Pdx1-Cre (KPC) genetically engineered mouse model of PDAC, T cells are excluded from tumour nests and this effect is related to the chemokine CXCL12 produced by FAP+ stromal cells. Targeting the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway with AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist, resulted T cell infiltration and tumor regression with anti-PD-L1 therapy in the KPC model. The CAMPLEX clinical trial was initiated to assess the safety of a 7-day AMD3100 infusion and provide proof-of-concept that AMD3100 reverses CXCL12 mediated immune-suppression in the TME. The safety and pharmacokinetic results from the CAMPLEX dose escalation phase are presented. A dose-rate of AMD3100 80ug/kg/hr was safe, reasonably well tolerated, and achieved relevant plasma concentrations at steady state. However, pharmacodynamic makers of CXCR4 inhibition, including peripheral white blood cell and CD34+ cell mobilization, were maximal at the lowest dose-rate of 20ug/kg/hr, with little drug-related adverse events. An increase in T cell infiltration was observed in paired pre/post infusion tumour biopsies in a subset of patients, consistent with the pre-clinical KPC data. To further characterize the pharmacodynamic effects of AMD3100 on the TME, additional pre-clinical experiments in the KPC model were performed. Increased CXCR4 protein expression within the TME is a robust effect of AMD3100, which was also observed in the CAMPLEX biopsies. Furthermore, there was a large increase in the infiltration of F4/80+ macrophages at 6 days in KPC mice receiving a high dose of AMD3100. Further studies are warranted to determine their source, polarization, and whether they are related to the anti-tumour effects of AMD3100.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Smoragiewicz, Martin"],"institution":"University of Cambridge","degree_name":"Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)","degree_level":"Doctoral","degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":["Jodrell, Duncan"],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2019,"date_issued":"2019-07-19","date_published":"2019-07-19","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:23:56Z","subjects":["pancreatic cancer","immunotherapy","CXCR4","AMD3100"],"languages":["en"],"rights":[],"rights_urls":["https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/66799cc4-91ea-4bfe-bb64-b9f710bb0f5d/download","https://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved/"],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.37722","outbound_label":"DOI","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.doi"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.advisor","label":"Advisor","values":["Jodrell, Duncan"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Smoragiewicz, Martin"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2019-07-19"]},{"key":"dc:publisher.institution","label":"Dc Publisher Institution","values":["University of Cambridge"]},{"key":"dc:relation.isreferencedby.uri","label":"Dc Relation Isreferencedby URI","values":["https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/290495"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"dc:type.qualificationlevel","label":"Dc Type Qualificationlevel","values":["Doctoral"]},{"key":"dc:type.qualificationname","label":"Dc Type Qualificationname","values":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["pancreatic cancer","immunotherapy","CXCR4","AMD3100"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/66799cc4-91ea-4bfe-bb64-b9f710bb0f5d/download","https://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.doi","label":"DOI","values":["10.17863/CAM.37722"]},{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/624bbb47-33ac-4eb3-9698-25ef22e9eac8/download"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has not been effective thus far in patients with micro-satellite stable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which suggests an immunosuppressive mechanism operates within the tumour microenvironment (TME) of PDAC. 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An increase in T cell infiltration was observed in paired pre/post infusion tumour biopsies in a subset of patients, consistent with the pre-clinical KPC data. To further characterize the pharmacodynamic effects of AMD3100 on the TME, additional pre-clinical experiments in the KPC model were performed. Increased CXCR4 protein expression within the TME is a robust effect of AMD3100, which was also observed in the CAMPLEX biopsies. Furthermore, there was a large increase in the infiltration of F4/80+ macrophages at 6 days in KPC mice receiving a high dose of AMD3100. 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In the KRasG12D; p53R172H; Pdx1-Cre (KPC) genetically engineered mouse model of PDAC, T cells are excluded from tumour nests and this effect is related to the chemokine CXCL12 produced by FAP+ stromal cells. Targeting the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway with AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist, resulted T cell infiltration and tumor regression with anti-PD-L1 therapy in the KPC model. The CAMPLEX clinical trial was initiated to assess the safety of a 7-day AMD3100 infusion and provide proof-of-concept that AMD3100 reverses CXCL12 mediated immune-suppression in the TME. The safety and pharmacokinetic results from the CAMPLEX dose escalation phase are presented. A dose-rate of AMD3100 80ug/kg/hr was safe, reasonably well tolerated, and achieved relevant plasma concentrations at steady state. However, pharmacodynamic makers of CXCR4 inhibition, including peripheral white blood cell and CD34+ cell mobilization, were maximal at the lowest dose-rate of 20ug/kg/hr, with little drug-related adverse events. An increase in T cell infiltration was observed in paired pre/post infusion tumour biopsies in a subset of patients, consistent with the pre-clinical KPC data. To further characterize the pharmacodynamic effects of AMD3100 on the TME, additional pre-clinical experiments in the KPC model were performed. Increased CXCR4 protein expression within the TME is a robust effect of AMD3100, which was also observed in the CAMPLEX biopsies. Furthermore, there was a large increase in the infiltration of F4/80+ macrophages at 6 days in KPC mice receiving a high dose of AMD3100. Further studies are warranted to determine their source, polarization, and whether they are related to the anti-tumour effects of AMD3100."],"dc:format.checksum.md5":["53647e79650f7d8ab88a90e762906792","87eda9de84448d1f82354d60eee3eb5f"],"dc:identifier.doi":["10.17863/CAM.37722"],"dc:identifier.uri":["https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/624bbb47-33ac-4eb3-9698-25ef22e9eac8/download"],"dc:language":["en"],"dc:publisher.institution":["University of Cambridge"],"dc:relation.isreferencedby.uri":["https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/290495"],"dc:rights":["https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/66799cc4-91ea-4bfe-bb64-b9f710bb0f5d/download","https://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved/"],"dc:subject":["pancreatic cancer","immunotherapy","CXCR4","AMD3100"],"dc:title":["Modulation of the tumor microenvironment by the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 in pancreatic and colorectal adenocarcinoma"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"dc:type.qualificationlevel":["Doctoral"],"dc:type.qualificationname":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:23:56Z"}