Plastic Deformation in Complex Crystal Structures

Many materials with complex crystal structures have attractive properties, including high specific strength, good creep resistance, oxidation resistance, often through high silicon or aluminium content. This makes them of interest for high temperature structural applications, but the use of many such phases is limited by low toughness. Even outside structural applications, brittle failure is a primary cause of failure in coatings and device materials and, therefore, improved toughness is desirable. In complex crystals plasticity, and hence toughness, is limited by the energy increases that occur as linear defects, dislocations, move. This is known as the lattice resistance. By understanding the factors controlling the lattice resistance in complex crystal structures, it is hoped that a general method for tailoring the flow stress of a material might be found. Present ductile-brittle criteria are based on simple ratios of polycrystalline elastic constants and are too limited to accurately capture flow behaviour. There are complex materials which, despite such criteria predicting brittle behaviour, exhibit low flow stresses, though on a limited number of slip systems: MAX phases, Mo₂BC, Nb₂Co₇ and Ta₄C_3-x are examples of this. Where plastic flow is limited by the lattice resistance we must consider the effect of crystal structure on dislocation motion more directly. Aspects which are lost by considering bulk polycrystalline properties are elastic heterogeneity, elastic anisotropy and contributions to the energy changes by other interactions, such as electrostatic interactions. In this work examples of each of these are presented and modelled using an adapted version of the Peierls model. A Peierls model generalised to use the entire stiffness tensor has been implemented in Python; this allows the investigation of the effect of varying anisotropy on the yield stress of materials that would not be picked up by the use of polycrystalline elastic constants. Calculations using the changing elastic tensor during hydrogen loading of cementite suggest that hydrogen loading causes a dramatic reduction in the flow stress, consistent with experiments and associated with hydrogen embrittlement of steel. Materials for which empirical potentials can provide more insight than linear elasticity are explored with the example of ionic materials. This is done with a Peierls dislocation configuration and a molecular statics energy calculation. A simple model built electrostatic and Lennard-Jones interactions was used for the rocksalt structure, this model was found to describe the hard slip system well, but was insufficient to describe the softer slip system. Local heterogeneity in elastic properties is explored in the MAX phases where local variation in chemical environment, characterised by electronegativity, produces pronounced variation in the local stiffness within the unit cell. These local variations have been modelled with density functional theory and have been shown to be consistent with the macroscopic elastic properties while also explaining the apparent scatter in the elastic properties. These non-uniform strains are shown to have a dramatic effect on the flow stress of the MAX phases. The face-centred cubic Ti₂Ni structure has been used to experimentally demonstrate this effect of heterogeneity softening. The slip system was characterised by micropillar compression and the slip planes were found to be the {1 1 1} planes. The hardness of a range of alloys with the Ti₂Ni structure was characterised by nanoindentation of the {1 1 1} faces of single crystals. The hardness was found to decrease as the chemical, and thus elastic, heterogeneity of the unit cell increased, as expected. This effect of heterogeneity softening presents a potential route to tailoring the yield stress of crystals.

Name dc:type.qualificationname

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Level dc:type.qualificationlevel

Doctoral

Grantor dc:publisher.institution

University of Cambridge

Year dc:date.issued

2019

Author dc:creator

• Thompson, Robert Peter

Advisor dc:contributor.advisor

• Clegg, William John

• Dislocation
• Plasticity
• Crystallography
• Peierls Stress
• Lattice Resistance
• Crystal Defects
• MAX Phases
• Ti2Ni
• Deformation

Statement dc:rights

• Pg 6 Image of a dislocation by J. W. Menter, published by the Royal Society Pg 14 Schematic of dislocation core structure by V. A. Lubarda and X. Markenscoff, published by Springer Nature. Pg 29 Schematic of dislocations in the rocksalt structure, by P. Haasen, published by Taylor and Francis

Licence

• https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/43932d9f-3571-41c0-9d05-b0935b77899d/download
• https://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved/

Language dc:language

en

DOI dc:identifier.doi

https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.33645

OAI identifier oai:identifier

oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/286335