An improved and repeatable method for meshing golf club heads using finite elements in TrueGrid® was developed. Using solid brick elements through the thickness of the club head instead of shell elements better represents the many thickness variations throughout each section of a club head. This method also results in a high quality mesh at the center of the club head sections while still maintaining high quality at the edges. A simulation procedure was also developed to predict the acoustic pressure at a designated point in an acoustic medium of a golf club and ball impact using the BEM and Rayleigh methods in LS-DYNA®. The simulation time and computing power required for the impact are modest, while the acoustic simulation time and computing power are much greater. The Rayleigh method provides an alternative which can greatly reduce these requirements. The simulation of sound produced from the ball and a USGA COR plate, generic driver, and hybrid impact was accomplished with reasonable results. Experimental testing was performed using a USGA plate to validate the plate result. A simple tap test and an air cannon test were performed to record the acoustic response with a microphone. A Fast Fourier Transform was performed to obtain the frequency response. These two tests correlated with each other, indicating that air cannon procedures could be negated in favor of a much simpler tap test during prototype testing for acoustics. The simulation frequency responses showed similar results to the experimental tests, demonstrating that the procedure developed in this project can be a viable and effective method for determining the acoustic response of the golf club and ball impact.
","abstract_html":"<p>An improved and repeatable method for meshing golf club heads using finite elements in TrueGrid® was developed. Using solid brick elements through the thickness of the club head instead of shell elements better represents the many thickness variations throughout each section of a club head. This method also results in a high quality mesh at the center of the club head sections while still maintaining high quality at the edges. A simulation procedure was also developed to predict the acoustic pressure at a designated point in an acoustic medium of a golf club and ball impact using the BEM and Rayleigh methods in LS-DYNA®. The simulation time and computing power required for the impact are modest, while the acoustic simulation time and computing power are much greater. The Rayleigh method provides an alternative which can greatly reduce these requirements. The simulation of sound produced from the ball and a USGA COR plate, generic driver, and hybrid impact was accomplished with reasonable results. Experimental testing was performed using a USGA plate to validate the plate result. A simple tap test and an air cannon test were performed to record the acoustic response with a microphone. A Fast Fourier Transform was performed to obtain the frequency response. These two tests correlated with each other, indicating that air cannon procedures could be negated in favor of a much simpler tap test during prototype testing for acoustics. The simulation frequency responses showed similar results to the experimental tests, demonstrating that the procedure developed in this project can be a viable and effective method for determining the acoustic response of the golf club and ball impact.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Moreira, Scott Henry"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"MS in Mechanical Engineering","degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":"Mechanical Engineering","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Tom Mase"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2011,"date_issued":"2011-12-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2011-12-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T01:32:55Z","subjects":["Acoustics, Dynamics, and Controls","Computer-Aided Engineering and Design"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["10.15368/theses.2011.207"],"render_values":[{"text":"10.15368/theses.2011.207","href":"https://doi.org/10.15368/theses.2011.207","code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/649","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Tom Mase"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Moreira, Scott Henry"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2011-12-08T08:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Mechanical Engineering"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["MS in Mechanical Engineering"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Acoustics, Dynamics, and Controls","Computer-Aided Engineering and Design"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/649","10.15368/theses.2011.207"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["An improved and repeatable method for meshing golf club heads using finite elements in TrueGrid® was developed. Using solid brick elements through the thickness of the club head instead of shell elements better represents the many thickness variations throughout each section of a club head. This method also results in a high quality mesh at the center of the club head sections while still maintaining high quality at the edges. A simulation procedure was also developed to predict the acoustic pressure at a designated point in an acoustic medium of a golf club and ball impact using the BEM and Rayleigh methods in LS-DYNA®. The simulation time and computing power required for the impact are modest, while the acoustic simulation time and computing power are much greater. The Rayleigh method provides an alternative which can greatly reduce these requirements. The simulation of sound produced from the ball and a USGA COR plate, generic driver, and hybrid impact was accomplished with reasonable results. Experimental testing was performed using a USGA plate to validate the plate result. A simple tap test and an air cannon test were performed to record the acoustic response with a microphone. A Fast Fourier Transform was performed to obtain the frequency response. These two tests correlated with each other, indicating that air cannon procedures could be negated in favor of a much simpler tap test during prototype testing for acoustics. The simulation frequency responses showed similar results to the experimental tests, demonstrating that the procedure developed in this project can be a viable and effective method for determining the acoustic response of the golf club and ball impact.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Predicting the Acoustic Response of the Golf Club & Ball Impact Using Finite Elements and the Boundary Element Method"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Tom Mase"],"dc:creator":["Moreira, Scott Henry"],"dc:date.available":["2011-12-08T08:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["An improved and repeatable method for meshing golf club heads using finite elements in TrueGrid® was developed. Using solid brick elements through the thickness of the club head instead of shell elements better represents the many thickness variations throughout each section of a club head. This method also results in a high quality mesh at the center of the club head sections while still maintaining high quality at the edges. A simulation procedure was also developed to predict the acoustic pressure at a designated point in an acoustic medium of a golf club and ball impact using the BEM and Rayleigh methods in LS-DYNA®. The simulation time and computing power required for the impact are modest, while the acoustic simulation time and computing power are much greater. The Rayleigh method provides an alternative which can greatly reduce these requirements. The simulation of sound produced from the ball and a USGA COR plate, generic driver, and hybrid impact was accomplished with reasonable results. Experimental testing was performed using a USGA plate to validate the plate result. A simple tap test and an air cannon test were performed to record the acoustic response with a microphone. A Fast Fourier Transform was performed to obtain the frequency response. These two tests correlated with each other, indicating that air cannon procedures could be negated in favor of a much simpler tap test during prototype testing for acoustics. The simulation frequency responses showed similar results to the experimental tests, demonstrating that the procedure developed in this project can be a viable and effective method for determining the acoustic response of the golf club and ball impact.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/649","10.15368/theses.2011.207"],"dc:subject":["Acoustics, Dynamics, and Controls","Computer-Aided Engineering and Design"],"dc:title":["Predicting the Acoustic Response of the Golf Club & Ball Impact Using Finite Elements and the Boundary Element Method"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Mechanical Engineering"],"thesis:degree_name":["MS in Mechanical Engineering"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T01:32:55Z"}