{"id":{"repo_id":"buffalo","oai_identifier":"oai:ubir.buffalo.edu:10477/79832"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/buffalo/oai:ubir.buffalo.edu:10477/79832","repository":{"repo_id":"buffalo","name":"Buffalo","base_url":"https://ubir.buffalo.edu/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Comparing Formation Potential (FP) and Uniform Formation Conditions (UFC) Tests for Assessing the Risks of Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts in De Facto Reuse","abstract":"M.S.","abstract_html":"M.S.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Hart, Christine; 0000-0002-2543-2665"],"institution":"State University of New York at Buffalo","degree_name":null,"degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Dai, Ning","Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2019,"date_issued":"2019-07-29T15:34:55Z","date_published":"2019-07-29T15:34:55Z","updated_at":"2026-07-27T19:05:19Z","subjects":["environmental engineering"],"languages":["eng"],"rights":["Users of works found in University at Buffalo Institutional Repository (UBIR) are responsible for identifying and contacting the copyright owner for permission to reuse. University at Buffalo Libraries do not manage rights for copyright-protected works and cannot assist with permissions.","Copyright retained by author."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10477/79832","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Dai, Ning","Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Hart, Christine; 0000-0002-2543-2665"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2019-07-29T15:34:55Z","2019","2019-05-16 22:46:35"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["State University of New York at Buffalo"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Text","Thesis"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["environmental engineering"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["eng"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Users of works found in University at Buffalo Institutional Repository (UBIR) are responsible for identifying and contacting the copyright owner for permission to reuse. University at Buffalo Libraries do not manage rights for copyright-protected works and cannot assist with permissions.","Copyright retained by author."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/10477/79832"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["M.S.","De facto reuse occurs when source water contains treated wastewater effluents from upstream communities. Compared with pristine source water, wastewater effluents are enriched in nitrogenous organic compounds such as amino acids and pharmaceuticals, thereby increasing the risks of forming disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in downstream water treatment. To date, formation potential (FP) test that employs high disinfectant doses (e.g., ~100 mg/L free chlorine) and long contact time (e.g., ~3 days) are commonly used to assess the potency of wastewater effluents to form DBPs. In contrast, uniform formation conditions (UFC) test, which employs lower disinfectant doses based on the chlorine demand specific to the sample, is commonly used for assessing DBP risks in drinking water. This disconnection limits our ability to predict DBP risks for effluent-impacted source water based on the extent of wastewater influence on this source water. The goal for this thesis project is to compare FP and UFC tests in predicting the risk of halogenated disinfection byproducts under de facto reuse scenarios. Eight water samples including 4 wastewater effluents and 4 surface waters, as well as their mixtures, were subjected to FP and UFC tests. A total of 10 DBPs, including 4 trihalomethanes (THMs), 4 haloacetonitriles (HANs), 1 trihalonitromethane, and 1 haloketone, were analyzed. We first compared DBP formation from UFC and FP tests. Both tests showed higher formation of chlorinated DBPs than their brominated counterparts. However, the relative amount of DBPs formed in each test depends on the sample and the DBP. For example, among the HANs, FP tests resulted in marginally higher concentrations of dichloroacetonitrile and trichloroacetonitrile for samples containing wastewater effluents, but UFC tests resulted in a higher formation of the brominated species dibromoacetonitrile and bromochloroacetonitrile. More importantly, an analysis of the relationship between FP and UFC results across all samples did not yield significant correlation, suggesting that FP and UFC tests predicted different DBP risks. Lastly, we evaluated whether the potential of wastewater-surface water mixtures to form DBPs can be predicted by the potential of the individual component using either UFC or FP tests. The results showed that UFC tests had the lowest percent difference between an estimated mixed water formation and the measured mixed water formation for THMs, whereas FP test had higher percent differences, thus indicating that an estimate performed with a FP test was less representative of measured value. UFC and FP tests with HANs suggested a generally similar and slightly higher percent difference across most water samples.","**To request an accessible version of the file(s) associated with this item, contact library@buffalo.edu. Please include the item's persistent URL [http://hdl.handle.net/. . .] in your request.**"]},{"key":"dc:format","label":"Dc Format","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Comparing Formation Potential (FP) and Uniform Formation Conditions (UFC) Tests for Assessing the Risks of Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts in De Facto Reuse"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Dai, Ning","Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering"],"dc:creator":["Hart, Christine; 0000-0002-2543-2665"],"dc:date":["2019-07-29T15:34:55Z","2019","2019-05-16 22:46:35"],"dc:description":["M.S.","De facto reuse occurs when source water contains treated wastewater effluents from upstream communities. Compared with pristine source water, wastewater effluents are enriched in nitrogenous organic compounds such as amino acids and pharmaceuticals, thereby increasing the risks of forming disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in downstream water treatment. To date, formation potential (FP) test that employs high disinfectant doses (e.g., ~100 mg/L free chlorine) and long contact time (e.g., ~3 days) are commonly used to assess the potency of wastewater effluents to form DBPs. In contrast, uniform formation conditions (UFC) test, which employs lower disinfectant doses based on the chlorine demand specific to the sample, is commonly used for assessing DBP risks in drinking water. This disconnection limits our ability to predict DBP risks for effluent-impacted source water based on the extent of wastewater influence on this source water. The goal for this thesis project is to compare FP and UFC tests in predicting the risk of halogenated disinfection byproducts under de facto reuse scenarios. Eight water samples including 4 wastewater effluents and 4 surface waters, as well as their mixtures, were subjected to FP and UFC tests. A total of 10 DBPs, including 4 trihalomethanes (THMs), 4 haloacetonitriles (HANs), 1 trihalonitromethane, and 1 haloketone, were analyzed. We first compared DBP formation from UFC and FP tests. Both tests showed higher formation of chlorinated DBPs than their brominated counterparts. However, the relative amount of DBPs formed in each test depends on the sample and the DBP. For example, among the HANs, FP tests resulted in marginally higher concentrations of dichloroacetonitrile and trichloroacetonitrile for samples containing wastewater effluents, but UFC tests resulted in a higher formation of the brominated species dibromoacetonitrile and bromochloroacetonitrile. More importantly, an analysis of the relationship between FP and UFC results across all samples did not yield significant correlation, suggesting that FP and UFC tests predicted different DBP risks. Lastly, we evaluated whether the potential of wastewater-surface water mixtures to form DBPs can be predicted by the potential of the individual component using either UFC or FP tests. The results showed that UFC tests had the lowest percent difference between an estimated mixed water formation and the measured mixed water formation for THMs, whereas FP test had higher percent differences, thus indicating that an estimate performed with a FP test was less representative of measured value. UFC and FP tests with HANs suggested a generally similar and slightly higher percent difference across most water samples.","**To request an accessible version of the file(s) associated with this item, contact library@buffalo.edu. Please include the item's persistent URL [http://hdl.handle.net/. . .] in your request.**"],"dc:format":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier":["http://hdl.handle.net/10477/79832"],"dc:language":["eng"],"dc:publisher":["State University of New York at Buffalo"],"dc:rights":["Users of works found in University at Buffalo Institutional Repository (UBIR) are responsible for identifying and contacting the copyright owner for permission to reuse. University at Buffalo Libraries do not manage rights for copyright-protected works and cannot assist with permissions.","Copyright retained by author."],"dc:subject":["environmental engineering"],"dc:title":["Comparing Formation Potential (FP) and Uniform Formation Conditions (UFC) Tests for Assessing the Risks of Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts in De Facto Reuse"],"dc:type":["Text","Thesis"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-27T19:05:19Z"}