{"id":{"repo_id":"brock","oai_identifier":"oai:brocku.scholaris.ca:10464/19715"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/brock/oai:brocku.scholaris.ca:10464/19715","repository":{"repo_id":"brock","name":"Brock University","base_url":"https://brocku.scholaris.ca/server/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"The effects of hand and forearm cooling on self-paced cycling performance in the heat.","abstract":"This study investigated the effectiveness of hand and forearm per-cooling on self-paced cycling performance in the heat. We hypothesized that continuous, localized cooling would attenuate thermal strain and improve thermal sensation, thereby enhancing performance during a 20-km cycling time trial (TT). Ten trained cyclists (7 male, 3 female) completed three randomized trials in a hot environmental chamber (35°C, 50% RH), immersing their forearms and hands in a circulating water bath at 10°C, 20°C, or a 32∘C (control) throughout the TT. Performance, physiological, and perceptual measures were collected. Results showed no significant differences in time to completion, power output, pacing strategy (p=0.488), core temperature, or heart rate response across the conditions. However, whole-body thermal sensation and comfort were significantly reduced in the 10°C and 20°C trials compared to the 32°C trial from the 5-km mark onward. Despite these perceptual benefits, the lack of a measurable improvement in performance or physiological thermoregulation suggests that continuous, passive water immersion of the extremities is insufficient to overcome the heat stress experienced during a self-paced 20-km TT. Our findings highlight that a reduction in perceptual thermal strain does not necessarily translate to an ergogenic benefit, underscoring the need to consider the specific modality and timing of cooling interventions.","abstract_html":"This study investigated the effectiveness of hand and forearm per-cooling on self-paced cycling performance in the heat. We hypothesized that continuous, localized cooling would attenuate thermal strain and improve thermal sensation, thereby enhancing performance during a 20-km cycling time trial (TT). Ten trained cyclists (7 male, 3 female) completed three randomized trials in a hot environmental chamber (35°C, 50% RH), immersing their forearms and hands in a circulating water bath at 10°C, 20°C, or a 32∘C (control) throughout the TT. Performance, physiological, and perceptual measures were collected. Results showed no significant differences in time to completion, power output, pacing strategy (p=0.488), core temperature, or heart rate response across the conditions. However, whole-body thermal sensation and comfort were significantly reduced in the 10°C and 20°C trials compared to the 32°C trial from the 5-km mark onward. Despite these perceptual benefits, the lack of a measurable improvement in performance or physiological thermoregulation suggests that continuous, passive water immersion of the extremities is insufficient to overcome the heat stress experienced during a self-paced 20-km TT. Our findings highlight that a reduction in perceptual thermal strain does not necessarily translate to an ergogenic benefit, underscoring the need to consider the specific modality and timing of cooling interventions.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Joshua Nowlan"],"institution":"Brock University","degree_name":"M.Sc. 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We hypothesized that continuous, localized cooling would attenuate thermal strain and improve thermal sensation, thereby enhancing performance during a 20-km cycling time trial (TT). Ten trained cyclists (7 male, 3 female) completed three randomized trials in a hot environmental chamber (35°C, 50% RH), immersing their forearms and hands in a circulating water bath at 10°C, 20°C, or a 32∘C (control) throughout the TT. Performance, physiological, and perceptual measures were collected. Results showed no significant differences in time to completion, power output, pacing strategy (p=0.488), core temperature, or heart rate response across the conditions. However, whole-body thermal sensation and comfort were significantly reduced in the 10°C and 20°C trials compared to the 32°C trial from the 5-km mark onward. Despite these perceptual benefits, the lack of a measurable improvement in performance or physiological thermoregulation suggests that continuous, passive water immersion of the extremities is insufficient to overcome the heat stress experienced during a self-paced 20-km TT. Our findings highlight that a reduction in perceptual thermal strain does not necessarily translate to an ergogenic benefit, underscoring the need to consider the specific modality and timing of cooling interventions."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["The effects of hand and forearm cooling on self-paced cycling performance in the heat."]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.department":["Applied Health Sciences Program"],"dc:creator":["Joshua Nowlan"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2025-10-01T18:31:59Z"],"dc:date.available":["2025-10-01T18:31:59Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2025"],"dc:description.abstract":["This study investigated the effectiveness of hand and forearm per-cooling on self-paced cycling performance in the heat. We hypothesized that continuous, localized cooling would attenuate thermal strain and improve thermal sensation, thereby enhancing performance during a 20-km cycling time trial (TT). Ten trained cyclists (7 male, 3 female) completed three randomized trials in a hot environmental chamber (35°C, 50% RH), immersing their forearms and hands in a circulating water bath at 10°C, 20°C, or a 32∘C (control) throughout the TT. Performance, physiological, and perceptual measures were collected. Results showed no significant differences in time to completion, power output, pacing strategy (p=0.488), core temperature, or heart rate response across the conditions. However, whole-body thermal sensation and comfort were significantly reduced in the 10°C and 20°C trials compared to the 32°C trial from the 5-km mark onward. Despite these perceptual benefits, the lack of a measurable improvement in performance or physiological thermoregulation suggests that continuous, passive water immersion of the extremities is insufficient to overcome the heat stress experienced during a self-paced 20-km TT. Our findings highlight that a reduction in perceptual thermal strain does not necessarily translate to an ergogenic benefit, underscoring the need to consider the specific modality and timing of cooling interventions."],"dc:identifier.uri":["https://hdl.handle.net/10464/19715"],"dc:language.iso":["en"],"dc:publisher":["Brock University"],"dc:rights":["Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International"],"dc:rights.uri":["http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/"],"dc:subject":["ODONTOLOGY::Physiology"],"dc:title":["The effects of hand and forearm cooling on self-paced cycling performance in the heat."],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Faculty of Applied Health Sciences"],"thesis:degree_level":["Master"],"thesis:degree_name":["M.Sc. Applied Health Sciences"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T01:23:02Z"}