This mixed method study focused on stress and its influence on police officers’ use of force. As a theoretical frame, Agnew’s General Strain Theory (GST) was applied to measure police officers’ decision making process in use of force, and the evaluation was compared to the college population. Data derived from law enforcement officers and college students via survey questionnaires reflecting strain factors and the Use of Force Model of case-vignettes. The magnitude of strain is measured via the assessment three major psychological diagnostic criteria: 1) STAI (State Trait Anxiety Inventory, 2) PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder), and 3) DI (Depression Inventory). In comparison with the student population, law enforcement personnel responses to use of force vignettes were relatively consistent and responded with a lower level of force when paralleled with the Use of Force Model. The qualitative assessment were consistent with quantitative results emphasizing practical police training and education, which would minimize use of force issues. This study served its purpose as it reaffirms law enforcement as a stressful occupation, offers a direction to future research and proposes policy implications.
","abstract_html":"<p>This mixed method study focused on stress and its influence on police officers’ use of force. As a theoretical frame, Agnew’s General Strain Theory (GST) was applied to measure police officers’ decision making process in use of force, and the evaluation was compared to the college population. Data derived from law enforcement officers and college students via survey questionnaires reflecting strain factors and the Use of Force Model of case-vignettes. The magnitude of strain is measured via the assessment three major psychological diagnostic criteria: 1) STAI (State Trait Anxiety Inventory, 2) PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder), and 3) DI (Depression Inventory). In comparison with the student population, law enforcement personnel responses to use of force vignettes were relatively consistent and responded with a lower level of force when paralleled with the Use of Force Model. The qualitative assessment were consistent with quantitative results emphasizing practical police training and education, which would minimize use of force issues. This study served its purpose as it reaffirms law enforcement as a stressful occupation, offers a direction to future research and proposes policy implications.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Apaza, Clint Edward"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Criminal Justice","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Kyung-shick Choi (chair)
Mitchell Librett
Michael King
"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2017,"date_issued":"2017-01-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2017-01-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T01:22:00Z","subjects":["Criminology","Use of Force","General Strain Theory","Use of Force Model","Public Perception","Police Perception"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://vc.bridgew.edu/theses/55","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Kyung-shick Choi (chair)
Mitchell Librett
Michael King
"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Apaza, Clint Edward"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2018-01-26T08:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Criminal Justice"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Criminology","Use of Force","General Strain Theory","Use of Force Model","Public Perception","Police Perception"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://vc.bridgew.edu/theses/55"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["This mixed method study focused on stress and its influence on police officers’ use of force. As a theoretical frame, Agnew’s General Strain Theory (GST) was applied to measure police officers’ decision making process in use of force, and the evaluation was compared to the college population. Data derived from law enforcement officers and college students via survey questionnaires reflecting strain factors and the Use of Force Model of case-vignettes. The magnitude of strain is measured via the assessment three major psychological diagnostic criteria: 1) STAI (State Trait Anxiety Inventory, 2) PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder), and 3) DI (Depression Inventory). In comparison with the student population, law enforcement personnel responses to use of force vignettes were relatively consistent and responded with a lower level of force when paralleled with the Use of Force Model. The qualitative assessment were consistent with quantitative results emphasizing practical police training and education, which would minimize use of force issues. This study served its purpose as it reaffirms law enforcement as a stressful occupation, offers a direction to future research and proposes policy implications.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Perceptions on Police Use of Force: A General Strain Theory Approach to Explicate Use of Force Incidents"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Kyung-shick Choi (chair)
Mitchell Librett
Michael King
"],"dc:creator":["Apaza, Clint Edward"],"dc:date.available":["2018-01-26T08:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["This mixed method study focused on stress and its influence on police officers’ use of force. As a theoretical frame, Agnew’s General Strain Theory (GST) was applied to measure police officers’ decision making process in use of force, and the evaluation was compared to the college population. Data derived from law enforcement officers and college students via survey questionnaires reflecting strain factors and the Use of Force Model of case-vignettes. The magnitude of strain is measured via the assessment three major psychological diagnostic criteria: 1) STAI (State Trait Anxiety Inventory, 2) PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder), and 3) DI (Depression Inventory). In comparison with the student population, law enforcement personnel responses to use of force vignettes were relatively consistent and responded with a lower level of force when paralleled with the Use of Force Model. The qualitative assessment were consistent with quantitative results emphasizing practical police training and education, which would minimize use of force issues. This study served its purpose as it reaffirms law enforcement as a stressful occupation, offers a direction to future research and proposes policy implications.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://vc.bridgew.edu/theses/55"],"dc:subject":["Criminology","Use of Force","General Strain Theory","Use of Force Model","Public Perception","Police Perception"],"dc:title":["Perceptions on Police Use of Force: A General Strain Theory Approach to Explicate Use of Force Incidents"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Criminal Justice"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T01:22:00Z"}