{"id":{"repo_id":"bradford","oai_identifier":"oai:bradscholars.brad.ac.uk:10454/20293"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/bradford/oai:bradscholars.brad.ac.uk:10454/20293","repository":{"repo_id":"bradford","name":"University of Bradford","base_url":"https://bradscholars.brad.ac.uk/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Shetland and the trade of steatite goods in the North Atlantic region during the Viking and early medieval period","abstract":"From c. 800AD, settlement of the North Atlantic region by Norwegians introduced wide use of steatite artefacts across the region. Outwith Norway, North Atlantic steatite resources are limited to Shetland and Greenland. The research investigates the extent to which Shetland was involved in trade of steatite goods during the Viking and Early Medieval periods. Artefact assessment has highlighted distinctive steatite artefact types from Shetland, Norway and Greenland. This visual provenance technique allowed comprehensive assessment of imported steatite artefacts from the North Atlantic region. Steatite usage has subsequently been discussed in three chronological phases: Landnam (c.800-900AD), Norse (c.900-1100) and Medieval (c.1100-1400). An interpretive model presents the most logical synthesis of the archaeological observations, highlighting local and regional trends whilst identifying probable distribution mechanisms. Shetland's role in the North Atlantic steatite trade was confined to within the political sphere of the Orkney Earldom. Steatite resources at Cunningsburgh formed the focus of the Shetland industry, which may have been a controlled resource by the mid-tenth century. High numbers of Norwegian goods are found at Landnam phase sites, although it is likely that distribution reflects more a movement of people than the existence of long distance trade networks. Consistently low numbers of Norwegian finds from subsequent phases indicate that steatite trade outwith the Northern Isles was limited and sporadic. Development of 'replacement' artefact types (such as ceramics) in areas where steatite was not locally available, reiterates the assertion that access to imports such as steatite was restricted. Despite extensive use of steatite within Greenland, Greenlandic artefacts were not recorded elsewhere. Research findings have highlighted the need for a reconsideration of exchange mechanisms, questioning the extent to which long distance trade networks provided a significant economic force during the Viking and Early Medieval periods within the North Atlantic region.","abstract_html":"From c. 800AD, settlement of the North Atlantic region by Norwegians introduced wide use of steatite artefacts across the region. Outwith Norway, North Atlantic steatite resources are limited to Shetland and Greenland. The research investigates the extent to which Shetland was involved in trade of steatite goods during the Viking and Early Medieval periods. Artefact assessment has highlighted distinctive steatite artefact types from Shetland, Norway and Greenland. This visual provenance technique allowed comprehensive assessment of imported steatite artefacts from the North Atlantic region. Steatite usage has subsequently been discussed in three chronological phases: Landnam (c.800-900AD), Norse (c.900-1100) and Medieval (c.1100-1400). An interpretive model presents the most logical synthesis of the archaeological observations, highlighting local and regional trends whilst identifying probable distribution mechanisms. Shetland's role in the North Atlantic steatite trade was confined to within the political sphere of the Orkney Earldom. Steatite resources at Cunningsburgh formed the focus of the Shetland industry, which may have been a controlled resource by the mid-tenth century. High numbers of Norwegian goods are found at Landnam phase sites, although it is likely that distribution reflects more a movement of people than the existence of long distance trade networks. Consistently low numbers of Norwegian finds from subsequent phases indicate that steatite trade outwith the Northern Isles was limited and sporadic. Development of 'replacement' artefact types (such as ceramics) in areas where steatite was not locally available, reiterates the assertion that access to imports such as steatite was restricted. Despite extensive use of steatite within Greenland, Greenlandic artefacts were not recorded elsewhere. Research findings have highlighted the need for a reconsideration of exchange mechanisms, questioning the extent to which long distance trade networks provided a significant economic force during the Viking and Early Medieval periods within the North Atlantic region.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Forster, Amanda K."],"institution":"University of Bradford","degree_name":null,"degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":["Dockrill, Stephen","Bond, Julie"],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":null,"date_issued":"","date_published":null,"updated_at":"2026-07-24T01:15:21Z","subjects":["Shetland","North Atlantic","Steatite","Trade","Displacement","Typology","Provenance","Viking","Norse","Early Medieval","Exchange networks"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["\"Creative
The University of Bradford theses are licenced under a Creative Commons Licence."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://bradscholars.brad.ac.uk/handle/10454/20293","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.advisor","label":"Advisor","values":["Dockrill, Stephen","Bond, Julie"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Forster, Amanda K."]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2025-03-12T12:18:14Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2025-03-12T12:18:14Z"]},{"key":"dc:publisher.department","label":"Dc Publisher Department","values":["Department of Archaeological Sciences"]},{"key":"dc:publisher.institution","label":"Dc Publisher Institution","values":["University of Bradford"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"dc:type.qualificationlevel","label":"Dc Type Qualificationlevel","values":["doctoral"]},{"key":"dc:type.qualificationname","label":"Dc Type Qualificationname","values":["PhD"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Shetland","North Atlantic","Steatite","Trade","Displacement","Typology","Provenance","Viking","Norse","Early Medieval","Exchange networks"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language.iso","label":"Language (ISO)","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["\"Creative
The University of Bradford theses are licenced under a Creative Commons Licence."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["https://bradscholars.brad.ac.uk/handle/10454/20293"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["From c. 800AD, settlement of the North Atlantic region by Norwegians introduced wide use of steatite artefacts across the region. Outwith Norway, North Atlantic steatite resources are limited to Shetland and Greenland. The research investigates the extent to which Shetland was involved in trade of steatite goods during the Viking and Early Medieval periods. Artefact assessment has highlighted distinctive steatite artefact types from Shetland, Norway and Greenland. This visual provenance technique allowed comprehensive assessment of imported steatite artefacts from the North Atlantic region. Steatite usage has subsequently been discussed in three chronological phases: Landnam (c.800-900AD), Norse (c.900-1100) and Medieval (c.1100-1400). An interpretive model presents the most logical synthesis of the archaeological observations, highlighting local and regional trends whilst identifying probable distribution mechanisms. Shetland's role in the North Atlantic steatite trade was confined to within the political sphere of the Orkney Earldom. Steatite resources at Cunningsburgh formed the focus of the Shetland industry, which may have been a controlled resource by the mid-tenth century. High numbers of Norwegian goods are found at Landnam phase sites, although it is likely that distribution reflects more a movement of people than the existence of long distance trade networks. Consistently low numbers of Norwegian finds from subsequent phases indicate that steatite trade outwith the Northern Isles was limited and sporadic. Development of 'replacement' artefact types (such as ceramics) in areas where steatite was not locally available, reiterates the assertion that access to imports such as steatite was restricted. Despite extensive use of steatite within Greenland, Greenlandic artefacts were not recorded elsewhere. Research findings have highlighted the need for a reconsideration of exchange mechanisms, questioning the extent to which long distance trade networks provided a significant economic force during the Viking and Early Medieval periods within the North Atlantic region."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Shetland and the trade of steatite goods in the North Atlantic region during the Viking and early medieval period"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.advisor":["Dockrill, Stephen","Bond, Julie"],"dc:creator":["Forster, Amanda K."],"dc:date.accessioned":["2025-03-12T12:18:14Z"],"dc:date.available":["2025-03-12T12:18:14Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["From c. 800AD, settlement of the North Atlantic region by Norwegians introduced wide use of steatite artefacts across the region. Outwith Norway, North Atlantic steatite resources are limited to Shetland and Greenland. The research investigates the extent to which Shetland was involved in trade of steatite goods during the Viking and Early Medieval periods. Artefact assessment has highlighted distinctive steatite artefact types from Shetland, Norway and Greenland. This visual provenance technique allowed comprehensive assessment of imported steatite artefacts from the North Atlantic region. Steatite usage has subsequently been discussed in three chronological phases: Landnam (c.800-900AD), Norse (c.900-1100) and Medieval (c.1100-1400). An interpretive model presents the most logical synthesis of the archaeological observations, highlighting local and regional trends whilst identifying probable distribution mechanisms. Shetland's role in the North Atlantic steatite trade was confined to within the political sphere of the Orkney Earldom. Steatite resources at Cunningsburgh formed the focus of the Shetland industry, which may have been a controlled resource by the mid-tenth century. High numbers of Norwegian goods are found at Landnam phase sites, although it is likely that distribution reflects more a movement of people than the existence of long distance trade networks. Consistently low numbers of Norwegian finds from subsequent phases indicate that steatite trade outwith the Northern Isles was limited and sporadic. Development of 'replacement' artefact types (such as ceramics) in areas where steatite was not locally available, reiterates the assertion that access to imports such as steatite was restricted. Despite extensive use of steatite within Greenland, Greenlandic artefacts were not recorded elsewhere. Research findings have highlighted the need for a reconsideration of exchange mechanisms, questioning the extent to which long distance trade networks provided a significant economic force during the Viking and Early Medieval periods within the North Atlantic region."],"dc:identifier.uri":["https://bradscholars.brad.ac.uk/handle/10454/20293"],"dc:language.iso":["en"],"dc:publisher.department":["Department of Archaeological Sciences"],"dc:publisher.institution":["University of Bradford"],"dc:rights":["\"Creative
The University of Bradford theses are licenced under a Creative Commons Licence."],"dc:subject":["Shetland","North Atlantic","Steatite","Trade","Displacement","Typology","Provenance","Viking","Norse","Early Medieval","Exchange networks"],"dc:title":["Shetland and the trade of steatite goods in the North Atlantic region during the Viking and early medieval period"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"dc:type.qualificationlevel":["doctoral"],"dc:type.qualificationname":["PhD"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T01:15:21Z"}