{"id":{"repo_id":"birmingham","oai_identifier":"oai:etheses.bham.ac.uk:357"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/birmingham/oai:etheses.bham.ac.uk:357","repository":{"repo_id":"birmingham","name":"University of Birmingham","base_url":"https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/cgi/oai2"},"display":{"title":"Synthesis and characterisation of materials with potential multiferroic behaviour","abstract":"The ceramic method was used to produce Aurivillius phase materials, B i \\(_3\\)NbTiO\\(_9\\) and Bi\\(_4\\)Ti\\(_3\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_2\\). Unit cell structures have been determined to be of A2\\(_1\\)am and Fmmm symmetry, respectively. In addition, the fractional co-ordinates of the constituent atoms has been calculated by Rietveld refinement. A range of materials of general formula Bi\\(_5\\)Fe\\(_1\\)\\(_+\\)\\(_x\\)Ti\\(_3-x)\\O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\) was produced with a value of x ranging from 0 to 2.5, which is higher than reported. Attempts to produce Bi\\(_5\\)Fe\\(_4\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\), with all the Ti\\(^4\\)+ sites occupied by iron atoms proved unsuccessful. The space group of Bi\\(_5\\)FeTi\\(_3\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\) was determined to be A2\\(_1\\)am, however, the other 4-layer bismuth phases proved difficult to characterise without more data. Increasing the number of pseudo-perovskite layers from 2 to 3 to 4 (Bi\\(_3\\)NbTiO\\(_9\\) to Bi\\(_4\\)Ti\\(_3\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_2\\) to Bi\\(_5\\)FeTi\\(_3\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\)) had a notable effect in increasing the unit cell size along the z-axis, going from c=25.192(1)Å to c=32.785(1)Å to c = 41.179(1). The magnetic properties of Bi\\(_5\\)FeTi\\(_3\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\), Bi\\(_5\\)Fe\\(_2\\)Ti\\(_2\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\) and Bi\\(_5\\)Fe\\(_3\\)TiO\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\) have been recorded, as part of an attempt to find multiferroic materials. The information collected would suggest that Bi\\(_5\\)FeTi\\(_3\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\) and Bi\\(_5\\)Fe\\(_3\\)TiO\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\) display some anti-ferromagnetic behaviour, whereas Bi\\(_5\\)Fe\\(_2\\)Ti\\(_2\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\) appears to be a paramagnet. Failure to produce Bi\\(_5\\)MnTi\\(_3\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\) , by other researchers methods, raises doubts about manganese substitution into the bismuth-layer structure.","abstract_html":"The ceramic method was used to produce Aurivillius phase materials, B i <span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>3</sub></span>NbTiO<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>9</sub></span> and Bi<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>4</sub></span>Ti<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>3</sub></span>O<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>1</sub></span><span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>2</sub></span>. Unit cell structures have been determined to be of A2<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>1</sub></span>am and Fmmm symmetry, respectively. In addition, the fractional co-ordinates of the constituent atoms has been calculated by Rietveld refinement. A range of materials of general formula Bi<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>5</sub></span>Fe<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>1</sub></span><span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>+</sub></span><span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>x</sub></span>Ti<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>3</sub>-x)\\O\\(<sub>1</sub></span><span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>5</sub></span> was produced with a value of x ranging from 0 to 2.5, which is higher than reported. Attempts to produce Bi<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>5</sub></span>Fe<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>4</sub></span>O<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>1</sub></span><span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>5</sub></span>, with all the Ti<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sup>4</sup></span>+ sites occupied by iron atoms proved unsuccessful. The space group of Bi<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>5</sub></span>FeTi<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>3</sub></span>O<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>1</sub></span><span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>5</sub></span> was determined to be A2<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>1</sub></span>am, however, the other 4-layer bismuth phases proved difficult to characterise without more data. Increasing the number of pseudo-perovskite layers from 2 to 3 to 4 (Bi<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>3</sub></span>NbTiO<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>9</sub></span> to Bi<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>4</sub></span>Ti<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>3</sub></span>O<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>1</sub></span><span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>2</sub></span> to Bi<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>5</sub></span>FeTi<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>3</sub></span>O<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>1</sub></span><span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>5</sub></span>) had a notable effect in increasing the unit cell size along the z-axis, going from c=25.192(1)Å to c=32.785(1)Å to c = 41.179(1). The magnetic properties of Bi<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>5</sub></span>FeTi<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>3</sub></span>O<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>1</sub></span><span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>5</sub></span>, Bi<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>5</sub></span>Fe<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>2</sub></span>Ti<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>2</sub></span>O<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>1</sub></span><span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>5</sub></span> and Bi<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>5</sub></span>Fe<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>3</sub></span>TiO<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>1</sub></span><span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>5</sub></span> have been recorded, as part of an attempt to find multiferroic materials. The information collected would suggest that Bi<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>5</sub></span>FeTi<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>3</sub></span>O<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>1</sub></span><span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>5</sub></span> and Bi<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>5</sub></span>Fe<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>3</sub></span>TiO<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>1</sub></span><span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>5</sub></span> display some anti-ferromagnetic behaviour, whereas Bi<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>5</sub></span>Fe<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>2</sub></span>Ti<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>2</sub></span>O<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>1</sub></span><span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>5</sub></span> appears to be a paramagnet. Failure to produce Bi<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>5</sub></span>MnTi<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>3</sub></span>O<span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>1</sub></span><span class=\"etd-inline-math\"><sub>5</sub></span> , by other researchers methods, raises doubts about manganese substitution into the bismuth-layer structure.","abstract_has_math":true,"creators":["D'Souza, Rhys"],"institution":"University of Birmingham","degree_name":"m_rs","degree_level":"m_rs","degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2010,"date_issued":"2010-07","date_published":"2010-07","updated_at":"2026-07-24T01:10:55Z","subjects":["QD Chemistry"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":null,"outbound_label":null,"outbound_source":null},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.sponsor","label":"Sponsor","values":["na"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["D'Souza, Rhys"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2010-07-10"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2010-07"]},{"key":"dc:publisher.department","label":"Dc Publisher Department","values":["College of Engineering & Physical Sciences","School of Chemistry"]},{"key":"dc:publisher.institution","label":"Dc Publisher Institution","values":["University of Birmingham"]},{"key":"dc:relation.isreferencedby","label":"Dc Relation Isreferencedby","values":["http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/357/"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"dc:type.qualificationlevel","label":"Dc Type Qualificationlevel","values":["m_rs"]},{"key":"dc:type.qualificationname","label":"Dc Type Qualificationname","values":["m_rs"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["QD Chemistry"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/357/1/dsouza09mres.pdf","http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/357/2/Decl_IS_DSouza09MRes.pdf"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The ceramic method was used to produce Aurivillius phase materials, B i \\(_3\\)NbTiO\\(_9\\) and Bi\\(_4\\)Ti\\(_3\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_2\\). Unit cell structures have been determined to be of A2\\(_1\\)am and Fmmm symmetry, respectively. In addition, the fractional co-ordinates of the constituent atoms has been calculated by Rietveld refinement. A range of materials of general formula Bi\\(_5\\)Fe\\(_1\\)\\(_+\\)\\(_x\\)Ti\\(_3-x)\\O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\) was produced with a value of x ranging from 0 to 2.5, which is higher than reported. Attempts to produce Bi\\(_5\\)Fe\\(_4\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\), with all the Ti\\(^4\\)+ sites occupied by iron atoms proved unsuccessful. The space group of Bi\\(_5\\)FeTi\\(_3\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\) was determined to be A2\\(_1\\)am, however, the other 4-layer bismuth phases proved difficult to characterise without more data. Increasing the number of pseudo-perovskite layers from 2 to 3 to 4 (Bi\\(_3\\)NbTiO\\(_9\\) to Bi\\(_4\\)Ti\\(_3\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_2\\) to Bi\\(_5\\)FeTi\\(_3\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\)) had a notable effect in increasing the unit cell size along the z-axis, going from c=25.192(1)Å to c=32.785(1)Å to c = 41.179(1). The magnetic properties of Bi\\(_5\\)FeTi\\(_3\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\), Bi\\(_5\\)Fe\\(_2\\)Ti\\(_2\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\) and Bi\\(_5\\)Fe\\(_3\\)TiO\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\) have been recorded, as part of an attempt to find multiferroic materials. The information collected would suggest that Bi\\(_5\\)FeTi\\(_3\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\) and Bi\\(_5\\)Fe\\(_3\\)TiO\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\) display some anti-ferromagnetic behaviour, whereas Bi\\(_5\\)Fe\\(_2\\)Ti\\(_2\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\) appears to be a paramagnet. Failure to produce Bi\\(_5\\)MnTi\\(_3\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\) , by other researchers methods, raises doubts about manganese substitution into the bismuth-layer structure."]},{"key":"dc:format","label":"Dc Format","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Synthesis and characterisation of materials with potential multiferroic behaviour"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.sponsor":["na"],"dc:creator":["D'Souza, Rhys"],"dc:date":["2010-07-10"],"dc:date.issued":["2010-07"],"dc:description.abstract":["The ceramic method was used to produce Aurivillius phase materials, B i \\(_3\\)NbTiO\\(_9\\) and Bi\\(_4\\)Ti\\(_3\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_2\\). Unit cell structures have been determined to be of A2\\(_1\\)am and Fmmm symmetry, respectively. In addition, the fractional co-ordinates of the constituent atoms has been calculated by Rietveld refinement. A range of materials of general formula Bi\\(_5\\)Fe\\(_1\\)\\(_+\\)\\(_x\\)Ti\\(_3-x)\\O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\) was produced with a value of x ranging from 0 to 2.5, which is higher than reported. Attempts to produce Bi\\(_5\\)Fe\\(_4\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\), with all the Ti\\(^4\\)+ sites occupied by iron atoms proved unsuccessful. The space group of Bi\\(_5\\)FeTi\\(_3\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\) was determined to be A2\\(_1\\)am, however, the other 4-layer bismuth phases proved difficult to characterise without more data. Increasing the number of pseudo-perovskite layers from 2 to 3 to 4 (Bi\\(_3\\)NbTiO\\(_9\\) to Bi\\(_4\\)Ti\\(_3\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_2\\) to Bi\\(_5\\)FeTi\\(_3\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\)) had a notable effect in increasing the unit cell size along the z-axis, going from c=25.192(1)Å to c=32.785(1)Å to c = 41.179(1). The magnetic properties of Bi\\(_5\\)FeTi\\(_3\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\), Bi\\(_5\\)Fe\\(_2\\)Ti\\(_2\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\) and Bi\\(_5\\)Fe\\(_3\\)TiO\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\) have been recorded, as part of an attempt to find multiferroic materials. The information collected would suggest that Bi\\(_5\\)FeTi\\(_3\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\) and Bi\\(_5\\)Fe\\(_3\\)TiO\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\) display some anti-ferromagnetic behaviour, whereas Bi\\(_5\\)Fe\\(_2\\)Ti\\(_2\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\) appears to be a paramagnet. Failure to produce Bi\\(_5\\)MnTi\\(_3\\)O\\(_1\\)\\(_5\\) , by other researchers methods, raises doubts about manganese substitution into the bismuth-layer structure."],"dc:format":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/357/1/dsouza09mres.pdf","http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/357/2/Decl_IS_DSouza09MRes.pdf"],"dc:publisher.department":["College of Engineering & Physical Sciences","School of Chemistry"],"dc:publisher.institution":["University of Birmingham"],"dc:relation.isreferencedby":["http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/357/"],"dc:subject":["QD Chemistry"],"dc:title":["Synthesis and characterisation of materials with potential multiferroic behaviour"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"dc:type.qualificationlevel":["m_rs"],"dc:type.qualificationname":["m_rs"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T01:10:55Z"}