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The through life toughness of such vessels is a combination of the start of life properties and irradiation damage response of the material. Modelling of the inherent scatter of toughness measurements has received much academic interest since the mid-twentieth century and is found to be dependent on a number of metallurgical factors and failure modes; therefore, the micro-mechanisms of the ductile and brittle failure are explored and an assessment of the current best thinking on the modelling of crack arrest toughness is also considered. 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