Modulation of Brain Inflammation Induced by Interaction between Astrocytes, Neutrophils and Monocytes
TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF TABLES v ABBREVIATIONS vi I. Introduction 1 A. Brain inflammation 1 B. Microglia and astrocytes as main regulators of brain inflammation 1 1. Microglia 1 2. Astrocytes 3 C. Leukocytes: immune cells to infiltrate the injured brain 3 D. Regulation of brain inflammation 5 1. Stimulators of microglia 5 2. Proinflammatory cytokines 6 3. Chemokines 7 4. Growth factors 9 E. Aims of this study 10 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 11 1 Cell culture 11 2. Reverse Transcription and Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) 12 3. Western blot analysis 12 4. Immunocytochemistry 13 5. Preparation of conditioned media 13 6. ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) 13 7. Migration assay 14 8. Statistical analysis 14 III. RESULTS 16 A. Interaction between astrocytes and neutrophils 16 1. Effect of neutrophils on morphology of astrocytes 16 2. Effect of neutrophils on inflammatory responses of astrocytes 18 B. Interaction between astrocytes and monocytes 20 1. Effect of THP1 cells on morphology of astrocytes 20 2. Effect of THP1 cells on inflammatory responses of astrocytes 24 3. Migration assay 26 4. Dose-dependent effect of TCM 29 5. Astrocytes regulate inflammatory responses in THP1 cells 29 IV. DISCUSSION 32 V. CONCLUSION 35 REFERENCES 36
brain inflammation, astrocyte, monocyte, microglia
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