{"id":{"repo_id":"aachen","oai_identifier":"oai:publications.rwth-aachen.de:50063"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/aachen/oai:publications.rwth-aachen.de:50063","repository":{"repo_id":"aachen","name":"RWTH Aachen University","base_url":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/oai2d"},"display":{"title":"Integration of the end cap TEC+ of the CMS silicon strip tracker","abstract":"At the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) near Geneva the new proton-proton collider ring LHC and the experiments that will be operated at this accelerator are currently being finalised. Among these experiments is the multi-purpose detector CMS whose aim it is to discover and investigate new physical phenomena that might become accessible by virtue of the high center-of-mass energy and luminosity of the LHC. Two of the most intensively studied possibilities are the discovery of the Higgs Boson and of particles from the spectrum of supersymmetric extensions of the Standard Model. CMS is the first large experiment of high-energy particle physics whose inner tracking system is exclusively instrumented with silicon detector modules. This tracker comprises 15148 silicon strip modules enclosing the interaction point in 10–12 layers. The 1. Physikalisches Institut B of RWTH Aachen was deeply involved in the completion of the end caps of the tracking system. The institute played a leading role in the end cap design, produced virtually all support structures and several important electrical components, designed and built the laser alignment system of the tracker, performed system tests and finally integrated one of the two end caps in Aachen. This integration constitutes the central part of the present thesis work. The main focus was on the development of methods to recognise defects early in the integration process and to assert the detector’s functionality. Characteristic quantities such as the detector noise or the optical gain of the readout chain were determined during integration as well as during a series of tests performed after transport of the end cap from Aachen to CERN. These measurements show a constantly high quality of the integrated device. The procedures followed during the mechanical integration of the detector and during the commissioning of integrated sectors are explained, and the software packages developed for quality assurance are described. This part of the document also covers problems that occured in the course of the integration process. In addition, results of the detector readout are presented. It could be shown that more than 99.5% of the approximately two million readout channels of the detector are working, that the noise of the silicon modules is below about 2000 electrons and that the common-mode noise is negligible. With these results, reliable signal detection can be expected even towards the end of the foreseen life time of the end cap, when radiation damages will lead to higher noise and reduced signal charge collection. During the integration phase, sub-structures of the end cap – named petals – were subjected to a reception test which has also been designed and operated as part of this thesis work. The test setup and software developed for the test are introduced and an account of the analysis of the recorded data is given. Containing about 20 silicon modules and related readout electronics, petals are the basic building blocks of the end cap system. The reception test mainly confirmed the very good quality of petals delivered by external intitutes and found a small number of defects which could be repaired before integration of the petals into the end cap. Before the end cap project entered the production phase, a final test beam experiment was performed in which the suitability of a system of two fully equipped petals for operation at the LHC was checked. In this last step of the system test for the end caps, stable operation and a good data quality could be verified. The measured ratio of the signal induced in the silicon sensors by minimal ionising particles to the detector noise – in the readout mode relevant for operation at design luminosity – was shown to be greater than 20 for all module geometries. A software for analysing the recorded data was developed and used in all presented studies. This tool was tuned to the special requirements of the test and integration phase of the detector. The functionality of the software and the algorithms it uses are explained. A comparison of the different studies demonstrates the constantly high detector quality in setups of individual petals as well as in systems comprising hundreds of silicon modules in the integrated end cap. At the same time, the reproducibility of the measurements could be established, which is another requirement for successful operation of the tracker end caps in the search of new physics at the LHC.","abstract_html":"At the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) near Geneva the new proton-proton collider ring LHC and the experiments that will be operated at this accelerator are currently being finalised. Among these experiments is the multi-purpose detector CMS whose aim it is to discover and investigate new physical phenomena that might become accessible by virtue of the high center-of-mass energy and luminosity of the LHC. Two of the most intensively studied possibilities are the discovery of the Higgs Boson and of particles from the spectrum of supersymmetric extensions of the Standard Model. CMS is the first large experiment of high-energy particle physics whose inner tracking system is exclusively instrumented with silicon detector modules. This tracker comprises 15148 silicon strip modules enclosing the interaction point in 10–12 layers. The 1. Physikalisches Institut B of RWTH Aachen was deeply involved in the completion of the end caps of the tracking system. The institute played a leading role in the end cap design, produced virtually all support structures and several important electrical components, designed and built the laser alignment system of the tracker, performed system tests and finally integrated one of the two end caps in Aachen. This integration constitutes the central part of the present thesis work. The main focus was on the development of methods to recognise defects early in the integration process and to assert the detector’s functionality. Characteristic quantities such as the detector noise or the optical gain of the readout chain were determined during integration as well as during a series of tests performed after transport of the end cap from Aachen to CERN. These measurements show a constantly high quality of the integrated device. The procedures followed during the mechanical integration of the detector and during the commissioning of integrated sectors are explained, and the software packages developed for quality assurance are described. This part of the document also covers problems that occured in the course of the integration process. In addition, results of the detector readout are presented. It could be shown that more than 99.5% of the approximately two million readout channels of the detector are working, that the noise of the silicon modules is below about 2000 electrons and that the common-mode noise is negligible. With these results, reliable signal detection can be expected even towards the end of the foreseen life time of the end cap, when radiation damages will lead to higher noise and reduced signal charge collection. During the integration phase, sub-structures of the end cap – named petals – were subjected to a reception test which has also been designed and operated as part of this thesis work. The test setup and software developed for the test are introduced and an account of the analysis of the recorded data is given. Containing about 20 silicon modules and related readout electronics, petals are the basic building blocks of the end cap system. The reception test mainly confirmed the very good quality of petals delivered by external intitutes and found a small number of defects which could be repaired before integration of the petals into the end cap. Before the end cap project entered the production phase, a final test beam experiment was performed in which the suitability of a system of two fully equipped petals for operation at the LHC was checked. In this last step of the system test for the end caps, stable operation and a good data quality could be verified. The measured ratio of the signal induced in the silicon sensors by minimal ionising particles to the detector noise – in the readout mode relevant for operation at design luminosity – was shown to be greater than 20 for all module geometries. A software for analysing the recorded data was developed and used in all presented studies. This tool was tuned to the special requirements of the test and integration phase of the detector. The functionality of the software and the algorithms it uses are explained. A comparison of the different studies demonstrates the constantly high detector quality in setups of individual petals as well as in systems comprising hundreds of silicon modules in the integrated end cap. At the same time, the reproducibility of the measurements could be established, which is another requirement for successful operation of the tracker end caps in the search of new physics at the LHC.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Bremer, Richard"],"institution":"Publikationsserver der RWTH Aachen University","degree_name":null,"degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Feld, Lutz"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2008,"date_issued":"2008","date_published":"2008","updated_at":"2026-07-30T19:40:16Z","subjects":["info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/530","Spurdetektor","CMS-Detektor","Physik","Detektorintegration","CMS-Detector","Silicon-Strip-Tracker","End-Cap","Integration"],"languages":["eng"],"rights":["info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/search?p=id:%22RWTH-CONV-112626%22"],"render_values":[{"text":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/search?p=id:%22RWTH-CONV-112626%22","href":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/search?p=id:%22RWTH-CONV-112626%22","code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/50063","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"source_record":{"url":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/oai2d?verb=GetRecord&metadataPrefix=oai_dc&identifier=oai%3Apublications.rwth-aachen.de%3A50063","prefix":"oai_dc"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Feld, Lutz"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Bremer, Richard"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:coverage","label":"Dc Coverage","values":["DE"]},{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2008"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Publikationsserver der RWTH Aachen University"]},{"key":"dc:relation","label":"Dc Relation","values":["info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/urn/urn:nbn:de:hbz:82-opus-23365"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis","info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/530","Spurdetektor","CMS-Detektor","Physik","Detektorintegration","CMS-Detector","Silicon-Strip-Tracker","End-Cap","Integration"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["eng"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/50063","https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/search?p=id:%22RWTH-CONV-112626%22"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["At the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) near Geneva the new proton-proton collider ring LHC and the experiments that will be operated at this accelerator are currently being finalised. Among these experiments is the multi-purpose detector CMS whose aim it is to discover and investigate new physical phenomena that might become accessible by virtue of the high center-of-mass energy and luminosity of the LHC. Two of the most intensively studied possibilities are the discovery of the Higgs Boson and of particles from the spectrum of supersymmetric extensions of the Standard Model. CMS is the first large experiment of high-energy particle physics whose inner tracking system is exclusively instrumented with silicon detector modules. This tracker comprises 15148 silicon strip modules enclosing the interaction point in 10–12 layers. The 1. Physikalisches Institut B of RWTH Aachen was deeply involved in the completion of the end caps of the tracking system. The institute played a leading role in the end cap design, produced virtually all support structures and several important electrical components, designed and built the laser alignment system of the tracker, performed system tests and finally integrated one of the two end caps in Aachen. This integration constitutes the central part of the present thesis work. The main focus was on the development of methods to recognise defects early in the integration process and to assert the detector’s functionality. Characteristic quantities such as the detector noise or the optical gain of the readout chain were determined during integration as well as during a series of tests performed after transport of the end cap from Aachen to CERN. These measurements show a constantly high quality of the integrated device. The procedures followed during the mechanical integration of the detector and during the commissioning of integrated sectors are explained, and the software packages developed for quality assurance are described. This part of the document also covers problems that occured in the course of the integration process. In addition, results of the detector readout are presented. It could be shown that more than 99.5% of the approximately two million readout channels of the detector are working, that the noise of the silicon modules is below about 2000 electrons and that the common-mode noise is negligible. With these results, reliable signal detection can be expected even towards the end of the foreseen life time of the end cap, when radiation damages will lead to higher noise and reduced signal charge collection. During the integration phase, sub-structures of the end cap – named petals – were subjected to a reception test which has also been designed and operated as part of this thesis work. The test setup and software developed for the test are introduced and an account of the analysis of the recorded data is given. Containing about 20 silicon modules and related readout electronics, petals are the basic building blocks of the end cap system. The reception test mainly confirmed the very good quality of petals delivered by external intitutes and found a small number of defects which could be repaired before integration of the petals into the end cap. Before the end cap project entered the production phase, a final test beam experiment was performed in which the suitability of a system of two fully equipped petals for operation at the LHC was checked. In this last step of the system test for the end caps, stable operation and a good data quality could be verified. The measured ratio of the signal induced in the silicon sensors by minimal ionising particles to the detector noise – in the readout mode relevant for operation at design luminosity – was shown to be greater than 20 for all module geometries. A software for analysing the recorded data was developed and used in all presented studies. This tool was tuned to the special requirements of the test and integration phase of the detector. The functionality of the software and the algorithms it uses are explained. A comparison of the different studies demonstrates the constantly high detector quality in setups of individual petals as well as in systems comprising hundreds of silicon modules in the integrated end cap. 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The institute played a leading role in the end cap design, produced virtually all support structures and several important electrical components, designed and built the laser alignment system of the tracker, performed system tests and finally integrated one of the two end caps in Aachen. This integration constitutes the central part of the present thesis work. The main focus was on the development of methods to recognise defects early in the integration process and to assert the detector’s functionality. Characteristic quantities such as the detector noise or the optical gain of the readout chain were determined during integration as well as during a series of tests performed after transport of the end cap from Aachen to CERN. These measurements show a constantly high quality of the integrated device. The procedures followed during the mechanical integration of the detector and during the commissioning of integrated sectors are explained, and the software packages developed for quality assurance are described. This part of the document also covers problems that occured in the course of the integration process. In addition, results of the detector readout are presented. It could be shown that more than 99.5% of the approximately two million readout channels of the detector are working, that the noise of the silicon modules is below about 2000 electrons and that the common-mode noise is negligible. With these results, reliable signal detection can be expected even towards the end of the foreseen life time of the end cap, when radiation damages will lead to higher noise and reduced signal charge collection. During the integration phase, sub-structures of the end cap – named petals – were subjected to a reception test which has also been designed and operated as part of this thesis work. The test setup and software developed for the test are introduced and an account of the analysis of the recorded data is given. Containing about 20 silicon modules and related readout electronics, petals are the basic building blocks of the end cap system. The reception test mainly confirmed the very good quality of petals delivered by external intitutes and found a small number of defects which could be repaired before integration of the petals into the end cap. Before the end cap project entered the production phase, a final test beam experiment was performed in which the suitability of a system of two fully equipped petals for operation at the LHC was checked. In this last step of the system test for the end caps, stable operation and a good data quality could be verified. The measured ratio of the signal induced in the silicon sensors by minimal ionising particles to the detector noise – in the readout mode relevant for operation at design luminosity – was shown to be greater than 20 for all module geometries. A software for analysing the recorded data was developed and used in all presented studies. This tool was tuned to the special requirements of the test and integration phase of the detector. The functionality of the software and the algorithms it uses are explained. A comparison of the different studies demonstrates the constantly high detector quality in setups of individual petals as well as in systems comprising hundreds of silicon modules in the integrated end cap. At the same time, the reproducibility of the measurements could be established, which is another requirement for successful operation of the tracker end caps in the search of new physics at the LHC."],"dc:identifier":["https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/50063","https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/search?p=id:%22RWTH-CONV-112626%22"],"dc:language":["eng"],"dc:publisher":["Publikationsserver der RWTH Aachen University"],"dc:relation":["info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/urn/urn:nbn:de:hbz:82-opus-23365"],"dc:rights":["info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess"],"dc:source":["Aachen : Publikationsserver der RWTH Aachen University XIV, 266 S. : Ill., graph. Darst. (2008). = Aachen, Techn. 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