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Territorial Defense Strategies in the Northern Cardinal (<i>Cardinalis cardinalis</i>): Who is the Bigger Threat?

Gentry, Kaylee M.2016

… song playback from the middle of a focal male’s territory were measured. This allowed for an estimation of aggression in both the winter and spring seasons. Each focal male was subjected to both treatments (stranger song and neighbor song). Males were more responsive over-all to neighbor song …

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