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Showing 1 to 2 of 2 for “"Risk penalty"”.
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A robust motion planning approach for autonomous driving in urban areas
… are employed in the expansion of the tree and a risk penalty is incorporated to capture uncertainty in the environment and keep the vehicle a safe distance away from hazards. The safety of the vehicle is guaranteed with the assumption of no unexpected changes in the environment, which is achieved …
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Risk penalties for enhanced reliability in co-optimized markets with uncertain generation
… In this paper, we examine the role of risk-based penalties in developing alternate designs in which firms combine energy bids associated with uncertain real-time availability with stable reserves bids. Such a study is carried out in a regime where firms have access to a day-ahead …