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Showing 1 to 20 of 48 for “"Chloramine"”.
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Some Electrochemical Studies of Chloramine and Hydrazine
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-05T19:36:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 0010485.pdf: 3886010 bytes, checksum: 002e994f9a2d79aeae2cc5a6f622d659 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1954
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Interactions Between Copper and Chlorine Disinfectants: Chlorine Decay, Chloramine Decay and Copper Pitting
… cycles of chlorine dosing. Experiments with chloramine revealed that copper species could also trigger rapid loss of chloramine disinfectant. In copper pipes, loss of free chlorine and chloramine were both rapid during stagnation. Reactivity of the copper to the disinfectants was retained for …
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Reconsidering Lead Corrosion in Drinking Water: Product Testing, Direct Chloramine Attack and Galvanic Corrosion
… new regulations causing a shift from chlorine to chloramine disinfectant, 2) assumptions guiding sampling strategies, 3) existing performance standards for brass, and 4) galvanically driven corrosion of lead bearing plumbing materials. The results were instrumental in uncovering and understanding …
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Chloramine and MIEX control of disinfection by-products formed from an alluvial aquifer water source
… control the DBPs in the drinking water system. Chloramines have been generally used to control the concentration of elevated DBPs species in drinking water distribution systems. However, much of the research on chloramines in DBPs has focused on the surface water sourced water treatment systems. …
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Nitrification in premise plumbing and its effect on corrosion and water quality degradation
… water systems, due to changes from chlorine to chloramine as a secondary disinfectant in order to comply with new regulations for disinfectant by-products. The ammonia that is released from the chloramine decay supports nitrification. A comprehensive literature review systematically examined the …
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Long-Term Lab Scale Studies of Simulated Reclaimed Water Distribution: Effects of Disinfectants, Biofiltration, Temperature and Rig Design
… residual disinfectant type (i.e., chlorine, chloramine, no residual) and temperature on important aspects of chemistry and microbial regrowth under laboratory-controlled conditions. Turbidity decreased to 0.78 NTU after biofiltration and chlorinated treatments from 10.0-12.6 NTU for …
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Influence of Chlorination and the Distribution System on Mutagens in a Potable Water Supply
… utility alternates disinfection practice from chloramine to chlorination beyond breakpoint at monthly intervals in the summer. We assayed the mutagenicity of the water at weekly intervals and continually through transitions from chloramine to breakpoint and reverse for a period of a year. In …
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A Framework for Controlling Opportunistic Pathogens in Premise Plumbing Considerate of Disinfectant Concentration x Time (CT) and Shifts in Microbial Growth Phase
… system with one water flush per day, influent chloramine always decayed within four hours in stagnant pipes containing mature biofilms, which is 2-3 orders of magnitude faster than in the same water not contacting pipes. Chloramine often followed second order decay kinetics, though decay rate …
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Nitrification Investigation And Modeling In The Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution System
… nitrites, DO, pH, alkalinity, temperature, chloramine residuals and hydraulic residence times (HRT) during biological nitrification are interrelated and discussed relative to nitrification, which demonstrated Stoichiometric relationships associated with conventional biochemical nitrification …
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Chlorinated Tyrosine Species as Markers of Inflammation: A Kinetic Study
… chlorination of tyrosine by HOCl occurs through chloramine intermediates rather than directly. This is evidenced by the preferential chlorination of tyrosine residues that are nearby lysine or histidine, whose side-chain amines react with HOCl to become chloramines. This contradicts the …
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Impact of Flow Rate and Water Age on Opportunistic Pathogen Growth: Implications for Water Conservation, Fixture Design, and Policy
… in the pipes. When cold water with ~1 mg/L chloramine was present, cold-water total bacteria regrowth plateaued after about 2 days WRT with cell counts 14 times higher than influent water, but regrowth still occurred in the heater tank. With 1 mg/L chloramine and elevated heater temperature …
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A dressing solution for burn wounds: antibacterial and low-adherent wound dressings
… DMH analogues were converted to antibacterial N-chloramine counterparts through chlorination to serve as potential alternatives to AgNP. The N-chloramine with a structural cation exhibited distinctly enhanced antibacterial functions both in solution and after immobilization on fabrics.
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Effects of sewage treatment plant effluents on mollusks and fish of the Clinch River in Tazewell County, Virginia
… and the tolerance of two mollusk species to mono chloramine and unionized ammonia, the major toxicants in domestic STP effiuent. River reaches up to 3.75 km downstream of the STP outfalls at Tazewell and Richlands were depauperate of mussels. Tolerance to effluent seemed to vary among snails, …
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Corrosion in New Construction:Elevated Copper, Effects of Orthophosphate Inhibitors, and Flux Initiated Microbial Growth
… corrosion, microbial growth and the decay of chloramine disinfectant. On site water was sent to Virginia Tech from UNC for use in this bench scale study. The results from this study indicated that 100% orthophosphate inhibitor was the most effective corrosion inhibitor at decreasing metallic …
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Crystallographic studies on enzymatic halogenation of natural products
… modification to produce an enzyme-bound lysine chloramine intermediate. A lysine chloramine at this position would direct the chlorination reaction to the correct site on the substrate, which could account for the halogenase's observed regioselectivity. Crystal structures of the non-heme …
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Methodology for the syntheses of pharmaceutically significant functional groups
… sulfenamides from highly reactive and unstable chloramine in continuous-flow, and partial translation of the process route to enantiopure (S)-naproxen from batch chemistry to continuous-flow.
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Lead and Copper Contamination in Potable Water: Impacts of Redox Gradients, Water Age, Water Main Pipe Materials and Temperature
… between disinfectant type (free chlorine and chloramine), water age (0-10.2 days), and pipe main material (PVC, cement, and iron). Redox gradients developed in the distribution system as controlled by water age and pipe material, which affected the microbiology and chemistry of the water …
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Critical factors controlling regrowth of opportunistic pathogens in premise plumbing
… biofiltration and disinfectant type (chlorine, chloramine) on opportunistic pathogens under premise plumbing conditions. GAC pre-treatment effectively reduced total organic carbon (TOC). In most cases, total bacteria and opportunistic pathogens were higher in undisinfected annular reactors, but …
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Responses of Nitrifying Bacteria to Aquaculture Chemotherapeutic Agents
… Additionally, a number of chemicals, such as Chloramine-T and potassium permanganate, are used off-label for the treatment of aquaculture systems. In this research, these six more commonly used chemotherapeutants were analyzed for their impacts to the nitrifying bacteria in aquaculture …
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Investigation of Copper Pitting Propensity Using Bench and Field Scale Testing
… 2004). In addition, higher concentrations of chloramines increased the pitting propensity of the water, although the ratio of chlorine to ammonia had little effect. Similar experiments were also conducted at a utility in Iowa. Copper pitting has always existed in this area at some low level; …
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