Global ETD Search
Search theses and dissertations gathered from participating repositories worldwide. Every result links back to the library that holds it. No account is needed.
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Showing 1 to 20 of 38 for “"Centromeres"”.
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Functional consequences of rapid evolution at Drosophila centromeres
Centromeres are loci on chromosomes that are essential for faithful inheritance of genomic information at every cell division in eukaryotic organisms. Centromeric chromatin is the foundation for one of the largest macromolecular structures in the cell - the kinetochore, which facilitates tension …
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Mechanisms for the propagation and recognition of human centromeres
Each time a cell divides, the genome must be segregated equally between the two new daughter cells. To accomplish this, a specific region of each chromosome, termed the centromere, recruits the macromolecular kinetochore structure to mediate attachments to spindle microtubules. In vertebrates, each …
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Centromere Identity and the Nature of the Cenp-A-Containing Nucleosome
… during mitosis and meiosis. While most centromeres form on repetitive DNA, the underlying DNA sequence is neither necessary nor sufficient to support centromere function, suggesting that this locus is epigenetically defined. The histone H3 variant centromere protein A (CENP-A) replaces …
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Understanding Meiotic Recombination and Genomic Organisation of Plant Species
… and some regions of the genome, like the centromeres, rarely undergo recombination. Modifying crossover levels and distributions via genetic engineering may provide effective tools for plant breeders to accelerate strain improvement. Despite low recombination rates and their evolutionary …
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Structural and Mechanistic insights into Centromere Specification and Kinetochore Regulation
… of CENP-A nucleosomes at functional human centromeres. We found that CENP-A exists as part of a stable octameric nucleosome with loose superhelical DNA termini. CENP-A nucleosomes are very highly phased on the α-satellite monomers at normal centromeres and are also strongly positioned at …
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Investigation of factors involved in RNAi-mediated heterochromatic silencing in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
… chromatin found at repetitive sequences such as centromeres, telomeres and transposons. Heterochromatin-mediated silencing of these loci prevents aberrant chromosomal rearrangements and constitutes a platform for recruiting factors responsible for faithful chromosome segregation. Studies in …
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Mechanisms of genomic stability maintenance in fission yeast
… the former presenting a position bias towards centromeres, which are clustered and anchored at a specific point of the nuclear membrane. Immunofluorescence experiments against IdU in wild type and mutant cells carrying unclustered centromeres (Csi1Δ), that allow capturing of early initiation …
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New insights into Transposable Elements from high quality genome sequences across diverse animals
… the potential role of TEs in the formation of centromeres in the haplochromine radiation. I identify a novel sequence in most of their centromeres, whose origin I hypothesize is from a non autonomous transposable element, and provide some hypotheses as to how it might have contributed to …
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Centromere identification and inactivation on a neo-Y chromosome fusion in threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
Centromeres are the primary constriction observed on many chromosomes, and they are required for normal cell division. Having one and only one centromere per chromosome is essential for proper chromosome segregation during both mitosis and meiosis. Chromosomes containing two centromeres (dicentric) …
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Dissecting the Spatiotemporal Regulation of Yeast Kinetochore Interactions
… are conserved protein complexes that bind the centromeres in replicated chromosomes to the mitotic spindle and then direct their segregation. To better comprehend Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinetochore function, we investigated the phospho-regulated dynamic interaction between the conserved …
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Identification and characterization of Sgo2 interactions - Insights into dynamic chromosomal localization, mechanism of cohesin protection and putative checkpoint function
… to kinetochores in prophase, then localizes to centromeres in prometaphase before finally traveling back to kinetochores in metaphase. It is further shown that (1) chromatin binding requires the C-terminus of hSgo2, (2) the catalytic activity of the aurora B kinase is essential to focus hSgo2 at …
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Probing Mitotic Chromosome Structure and Arrangement Using Micromanipulation
… arranged radially on the mitotic spindle, with centromeres facing the center and arms pointing outwards. The position of individual chromosomes on the spindle is random however. There is no homologous pairing or tendency towards association of particular chromosomes. The radial array is …
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Investigating the Role of Inner Kinetochore Higher-Order Assembly in Kinetochore Function
… on regions of the chromosomes known as “centromeres.” The inner kinetochore resides on chromosomal DNA throughout the cell cycle. As mitosis approaches, post-translational modifications trigger recruitment of the outer kinetochore, which binds to microtubules and harnesses the forces they …
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The dual use of cohesin and its protector Sgo1 contributes to the choreography of the chromosome and the centrosome cycle
… same time abrogates also its association with centromeres. The change of just three consecutive amino acids within the corresponding peptide inactivates both the pro-centrosomal as well as the anti-centromeric targeting effect. Importantly, localization closely correlates with function as …
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Metakaryotic biology : novel genomic organization in human stem-like cells of fetal-juvenile development and carcinogenesis
… DNA sequences common to all chromosomes: centromeres and telomeres. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) with pan-centromeric and pan-telomeric probes was applied to samples of human tissue. (A collaborating lab used centromeric and telomeric antibodies to confirm results.) An …
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Mitotic slippage by ATP depletion and its mechanism
… the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) at centromeres is also attenuated during mitotic slippage. Overall, inactivation of Aurora B and Haspin at centromeres by ATP depletion contributes to the induction of mitotic slippage. We also observed the increase of inhibitory phosphorylation Cdk1 …
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DNA DAMAGE AT TANDEM REPEATS GENERATES I-LOOPS THAT CAN BE EXCISED AS ECCDNA
… As in the case of telomeres, i-loop formation at centromeres was associated with an accumulation of eccDNA. I-loop and eccDNA accumulation was confirmed also by electron microscopy analysis of centromere-enriched samples, indicating that the i-loop excision mechanism might be an important …
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Linking genome organization to nuclear function in astrocytes and muscle cells
… occur with repetitive DNA sequences, including centromeres in human cell lines and the 18S rDNA in mouse cortical astrocytes. My results demonstrate a degree of selective regulation in the identity of the interacting mitochondrial partners confirming that mito-nDNA interactions in mammalian …
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Insights into Shugoshin localization and function in S. cerevisiae chromosome segregation
… only along chromosome arms. Cohesins remain at centromeres during meiosis II and are required to establish proper orientation of sister chromatid kinetochores. Shugoshin (Sgo1) is a protein related to D. melanogaster Mei-S332 that is crucial for the protection of centromeric cohesins from …
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