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Showing 1 to 20 of 66 for “"Centromere"”.
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PP2A-B56 isoform specificity at the centromere and kinetochore
… its localization to either the kinetochore or centromere, are split between distinct subsets of B56 isoforms. PP2A-B56γ and PP2A-B56δ localize to the outer kinetochore (via BUBR1), whereas PP2A-B56α and PP2A-B56ε localize to the centromere (via Sgo2). The differential localization observed is …
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Structural and Mechanistic insights into Centromere Specification and Kinetochore Regulation
… to accurate chromosome segregation: 1) centromere protein A (CENP-A), the histone H3 variant which epigenetically specifies the centromere which forms the platform onto which the kinetochore assembles and 2) the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) which regulates kinetochore-microtubule …
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Dynamic properties of the constitutive centromere associated network of proteins
… to a specified region of the genome called the centromere. This attachment is mediated by the proteinaceous structure called the kinetochore. To enact its function the kinetochore must ensure the proper assembly of its two functional domains: the inner kinetochore referred to as the constitutive …
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Centromere Identity and the Nature of the Cenp-A-Containing Nucleosome
The centromere is an essential chromosomal locus that serves as the site of kinetochore formation, ensuring accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis. While most centromeres form on repetitive DNA, the underlying DNA sequence is neither necessary nor sufficient to support …
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Centromere identification and inactivation on a neo-Y chromosome fusion in threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
Centromeres are the primary constriction observed on many chromosomes, and they are required for normal cell division. Having one and only one centromere per chromosome is essential for proper chromosome segregation during both mitosis and meiosis. Chromosomes containing two centromeres (dicentric) …
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Mechanisms for the propagation and recognition of human centromeres
… a specific region of each chromosome, termed the centromere, recruits the macromolecular kinetochore structure to mediate attachments to spindle microtubules. In vertebrates, each chromosome must establish a single site of microtubule attachment. The failure to maintain this site or the generation …
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Regulated Recruitment of the Chromosomal Passenger Complex to Chromatin and Microtubules Promotes Accurate Cell Division
… subunit INCENP, and by localization to the inner centromere, which requires the N terminus of INCENP. Inner centromere localization also requires phosphorylation of histone 3 threonine 3 (H3T3ph). While H3T3ph is required for CPC localization and the SAC during early mitosis, it must be …
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Kinetochore Structural Plasticity and its Regulation in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>
… The inner kinetochore assembles on the centromere and anchors the outer kinetochore that attaches to the dynamic microtubule. The interplay between the kinetochore structure and microtubule dynamics in a living cell has not been studied. <br></br><br></br> I have used a combination of …
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Functional consequences of rapid evolution at Drosophila centromeres
Centromeres are loci on chromosomes that are essential for faithful inheritance of genomic information at every cell division in eukaryotic organisms. Centromeric chromatin is the foundation for one of the largest macromolecular structures in the cell - the kinetochore, which facilitates tension …
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Dissecting the Spatiotemporal Regulation of Yeast Kinetochore Interactions
… are conserved protein complexes that bind the centromeres in replicated chromosomes to the mitotic spindle and then direct their segregation. To better comprehend Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinetochore function, we investigated the phospho-regulated dynamic interaction between the conserved …
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The Evolution of Recombination Landscapes and Mechanisms in Drosophila in Light of Intragenomic Conflict
… SC including the interaction between the SC and centromere-mediated meiotic drive. In the next two experiments, I utilized advances in DNA sequencing to genotype hundreds of Drosophila progeny to quantify recombination events. In Chapter 3, I demonstrate that recombination frequency and …
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Comparative genomics of repetitive elements between maize inbred lines B73 and Mo17
… in highly repetitive sequences, including centromere, 45S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), knob, and telomere repeats. Genotype specific 45S rDNA sequences were discovered. The B73 and Mo17 polymorphic k-mers were used to examine allele-specific expression of 45S rDNA in the hybrids. Although Mo17 …
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Localization studies of sister-chromatid cohesion proteins MEI-S332 and RAD21 in Drosophila
… the first meiotic division, but retained at the centromere until the second meiotic division. In this thesis, we have analyzed the localization of two cohesion proteins in Drosophila, MEI-S332 and RAD21. MEI-S332 localizes specifically to the centromere from prometaphase to the metaphase-anaphase …
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Interphase chromosome movement during the midblastula transition in Drosophila melanogaster
… of kb. I postulate that loop domains that are centromere proximal are small in size, 5-50 kb, while those centromere distal are larger, often greater than 100 kbs, consistent with the observation that the centromere proximal histone gene cluster is arranged in a 5 kb loop (Mirkovitch et al., …
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Digitale Bildanalyse der radialen Verteilungen von spezifischen Subregionen im Zellkern
… werden. Es wurden auch die Verteilungen von Centromeren untersucht. Während in der G0 Phase alle Centromere zu den betrachteten 8 Chromosomen am Kernrand lagen, lagen sie in den anderen Interphasen zum Teil im Kerninneren, woraus auf eine Bewegung der Centromere während der Interphase des …
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Metakaryotic biology : novel genomic organization in human stem-like cells of fetal-juvenile development and carcinogenesis
… DNA sequences common to all chromosomes: centromeres and telomeres. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) with pan-centromeric and pan-telomeric probes was applied to samples of human tissue. (A collaborating lab used centromeric and telomeric antibodies to confirm results.) An …
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Understanding Meiotic Recombination and Genomic Organisation of Plant Species
… and some regions of the genome, like the centromeres, rarely undergo recombination. Modifying crossover levels and distributions via genetic engineering may provide effective tools for plant breeders to accelerate strain improvement. Despite low recombination rates and their evolutionary …
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The role of Arabidopsis thaliana heterochromatin component H2A.W in meiotic recombination
… numbers of crossovers in the interstitial and centromere-proximal regions. This is particularly true in plant species with large, repetitive genome, for example major crops such as maize and wheat. This considerably limits the potential to introduce allelic diversity throughout the genome …
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Epigenetics and sex expression in trioecious papaya
… regions, we identified the location of the centromere on the papaya sex chromosomes. We observed the gradual increase in sRNA loci adjacent to the gaps on the sex chromosome physical maps, similar to the pattern observed in pericentromeric regions of other plant species. The sRNA molecules …
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