Process for Improving the Exfoliation and Dispersion of Nanoclay Particles into Polymer Matrices Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

An environmentally benign process, which uses supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO₂) as a processing aid, was developed in this work to help exfoliate and disperse nanoclay into the polymer matrices at high clay content. The process involves the use of a pressurized CO₂ chamber to assist in the exfoliation and delivery of the clay into a stream of polypropylene (PP) melt within the extruder. This CO₂ method was evaluated and compared to other conventional processing techniques. It was observed that the conventional direct-melt compounding methods, with and without the direct injection of CO₂, did not show much improvement in the mechanical properties due to their inability to adequately exfoliate the nanoparticles into the polymer matrix. The commercial RTP sample prepared using a TSE and a MA compatibilizer showed moderate improvements in the clay dispersion and properties due to high shear forces and mixing capabilities of TSE. The most improvements were seen from the technique of using the pressurized CO₂ chamber, which directly injected pre-mixed sc-CO₂ and nanoclay into the polypropylene melt during extrusion. It was observed that the mechanical properties of the PP nanocomposites prepared using the CO₂ chamber technique, especially when combined with maleic anhydride (MA) compatibilizer, outperformed those of the commercial RTP samples and those of samples prepared using conventional melt compounding techniques. WAXD and TEM data showed a good degree of exfoliation for clay concentrations as high as 6.8 wt% when the clay was expanded and mixed with CO₂. At this concentration, mechanical properties such as yield strength and modulus increased by as much as 13% and 69%, respectively, relative to the pure PP, and approximately 15% higher than those of samples prepared by direct melt compounding (without the use of CO₂). Furthermore, yield-like behavior in the viscosity and a plateau in the low-frequency behavior of storage modulus, Gâ , was also attributed to polymer-clay interaction due to strong hydrogen bonding between MA groups and the hydroxyl groups on the clay surface, not just solely to the formation of percolation network due to exfoliation between clay platelets that is commonly reported in literature for clay-filled functionalized polypropylene.

Name thesis:degree_name

Ph. D.

Level thesis:degree_level

doctoral

Discipline thesis:degree_discipline

Chemical Engineering

Department dc:contributor.department

Chemical Engineering

Grantor dc:publisher

Virginia Tech

Year dc:date.issued

2007

Author dc:creator

• Nguyen, Quang Tran

Chair dc:contributor.committeechair

• Baird, Donald G.

Committee members dc:contributor.committeemember

• Marand, Eva
• Davis, Richey M.
• McGrath, James E.

• nanocomposites
• nanoclay
• supercritical carbon dioxide
• extrusion.
• Polypropylene
• maleated polypropylene

Statement dc:rights

• In Copyright

Licence dc:rights.uri

• http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/

Dc Identifier Other

etd-05082007-185651

OAI identifier oai:identifier

oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/27596